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Uncategorized > Neurological Disorders > Flashcards

Neurological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is Huntington’s Chorea?

A
  • It is an inherited disorder that results from a mutation in the 4th chromosome.
  • It is characterized by jerky, involuntary spastic movements
  • Neuronal loss in…
    • Basal Ganglia
    • Cerebellum
    • Striatum
    • Cortex
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2
Q

What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  • Slowness of Movement progressing to Akinesia
  • Rigidity with passive movement
  • Tremors at rest
  • Postural Instability
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3
Q

What are the affected brain regions in Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Damaged brain regions in Parkinson’s Disease are

  • Substantia Nigra
  • Basal Ganglia
    • Caudate nucleus
    • Putamen
    • Globus Palidus
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4
Q

What is Sydenham’s Chorea?

A
  • Sydenham’s is a childhood disorder (age 7-14)
  • Usually lasts 1-4 months
  • Symptoms are involuntary muscle disorder
  • Usually caused by strep throat
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5
Q

What is Wilson’s Disease?

A

Wilson’s Disease is a genetic disorder resulting from a disturbed copper metabolism which leads to increased copper in….

  1. Liver
  2. Kidney
  3. Brain
  4. Cornea
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6
Q

What is the Flow of Motor Information (7)?

A
  1. Sensory Systems (encode sensory info)
  2. Thalamus (organize/direct sensory info)
  3. Sensory Cortical Areas (high-level sensory processing)
  4. Prefrontal Cortex (plan movement)
  5. Motor Association Cortex (Plan and Initiate movement)
  6. Primary Motor Cortex (Initiate Movement)
  7. Descending Pathways
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7
Q

What is the Motor Association Cortex responsible for?

A

Planning and initiating movements

  • Supplementary Motor Area plays a critical role in behavioral sequences
  • Pre-SMA involved in control of spontaneous movements
  • Premotor Cortex: Involved in learning and executing complex movements guided by sensory info
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8
Q

What are the Sensory Cortical Areas?

A
  1. Parietal
  2. Occipital
  3. Temporal
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9
Q

Topographical organization

A

Mapping of parts of the body represented in particular brain regions

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10
Q

Motor Homunculus

A

Human like figure designed based on the somatotopic organization of the motor cortex

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11
Q

What are the two descending motor pathways?

A

Lateral Group - Independent Limb Movement

Ventromedial Group - Automatic Movements

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12
Q

What are the three tracts of the Lateral groups?

A
  1. Corticospinal Tract
  2. Cotricobulbar Tract
  3. Rubrospinal Tract

Involved in Independent Limb Movements

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13
Q

What are the four tracts of the ventromedial group?

A
  1. Vestibulospinal Tract
  2. Tectospinal Tract
  3. Reticulospinal Tract
  4. Ventral Corticospinal Tract

Automatic Movements - Gross movements of the trunk

Coordinated trunk and limb movements (ie: posture and locomotion)

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14
Q

What tract contains the pyramidal tracts and controls distal parts of limbs-arms, hands, fingers, lower legs, feet and toes

A

Corticospinal Tract

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15
Q

What tract contains several cranial nervers and controls face, neck, tongue and some of the eye muscles?

A

Corticobulbar Tract

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16
Q

What tract contains the red nucleus (midbrain) and controls forelimbs and hindlimbs (but not fingers)?

A

Rubrospinal Tract

17
Q

What tract contains the vestibular nuclei (Medulla) and controls postural movements in response to info from vestibular system?

A

Vestibulospinal Tract

18
Q

What tract contains the tectum (superior colliculi) and controls coordination of head and trunk movements with eye movements?

A

Tectospinal Tract

19
Q

What tract contains the reticular formation (midbrain and brainstem) and controls automatic functions (muscle tonus, respiration, coughing) and controls less automatic functions (ie: walking)

A

Reticulospinal tract

20
Q

What tract contains spinal cord gray matter and controls the upper legs and trunk?

A

Ventral Corticospinal Tract

21
Q

What are the characteristics of Apraxia?

A

Difficulty in carrying out purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis or muscle weakness

  • Inability to imitate movement
  • Inability to produce mvmts in response to verbal instruction
  • Inability to demonstrate mvmts that would be made in using a familiar tool or utensil
22
Q

What are the four Major types of Apraxias?

A
  • Limb Apraxia- Problems w/ mvmt of arms, hands fingers
  • Oral Apraxia - Problems w/ mvmts fo muscles used in speech
  • Apraxic Agraphia - Writing deficit with illegible writing
  • Constructional Apraxia - difficulty drawing or constructing objects
23
Q

What are the characteristics of Limb Apraxia?

A
  • Mvmnt of wrong part of limb
  • Incorrect mvmnt of correct part
  • Correct movements in incorrect sequence
24
Q

What are the three causes of Limb Apraxia?

A
  • Callosal Apraxia - Apraxia of left limb cause by dmg to ant. corpus callosum. Prevents transfer of info between L and R frontal lobes
  • Sympathetic Apraxia - Apraxia of left limb caused by dmg to L frontal lobe. Prim. Motor impairtment of right arm or hand (full or partial paralysis
  • Left Parietal Apraxia - Unilateral lesions of left parietal lobe causes apraxia in both limbs. Difficulty producing sequences of mvmnts by verbal request and imitation of mvmnts.
25
Q

What is constructional Apraxia?

A

Difficulty in drawing or constructing objects. Caused by lesions to right hemisphere (parietal lobe).

CAN: Make most types of skilled mvmnts with arms and hands

CANT: Draw pictures or assemble objects from elements

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