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From Flashcardlet > Neurological Function > Flashcards

Neurological Function Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

Cranial and Spinal Nerves

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3
Q

What is the first sign you will see with a neurological problem?

A

Change in LOC

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4
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum controls conceptualization, abstraction, motor ability, judgment, and ability to write words?

A

Frontal

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5
Q

What does the pre-frontal part of the cerebrum control?

A

Ability to plan, reason, concentrate, and adjust behavior

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6
Q

What does the pre-motor cortex of the cerebrum control?

A

Coordinates series of movements or intricate, complex movements

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7
Q

Which part of the cerebellum is the integrating and coordinating center for perception and interpretation of sensory information

A

Parietal

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8
Q

Which part of the cerebrum sends instructions to muscles to cause voluntary movements?

A

Motor cortex

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9
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum controls memory storage and integration of auditory stimuli?

A

Temporal

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10
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum is the visual center and controls understanding of written material?

A

Occipital

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11
Q

Which side of the brain do most people have the language and speech centers?

A

Left

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12
Q

Which area of the cerebrum is for language comprehension?

A

Wernicke’s

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13
Q

Which area of the cerebrum controls speaking ability?

A

Broca’s

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14
Q

If you have a left hemisphere stroke where will the paralysis be?

A

On the right (and vice versa)

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15
Q

Which are of the diencephalon is where sensation is perceived and houses the pain threshold?

A

Thalamus

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16
Q

Which part of the limbic system governs emotional states, and contains cells that mediate most autonomic functions?

A

Hypothalmus

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17
Q

Where does the origin of righting and postural reflex come from?

A

Midbrain

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18
Q

How do you test whether the midbrain is intact?

A
  • Romberg test
  • Proprioception test
  • Write letter on hand
  • Tests similar to what they use for drunks
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19
Q

What controls the rhythmic quality of respiration?

A

Pons

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20
Q

What connects central canal to spinal cord and is the vital center for cardiac, respirations, swallowing, gag, and cough?

A

Medulla

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21
Q

If the medulla is damaged what is the first thing you worry about?

A

Breathing

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22
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A
  • Fine movement
  • Balance
  • Position sense
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23
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • Keep body oriented in space
  • Control antigravity muscles
  • Checking or halting voluntary movements
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24
Q

How are arms positioned with a decorticate posture?

A
  • Arms flexed
  • Wrists and fingers flexed
  • Adduction (towards core)
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25
Q

How are the lower extremities positioned with decorticate posture?

A
  • Extended

- Feet are plantar

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26
Q

How is the body positioned with decerebrate posture?

A

Everything is hyperextended except the hands

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27
Q

Where is the injury with decorticate posturing?

A

Spinal tract or Cerebral hemisphere

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28
Q

Where is the injury with decerebrate posturing?

A

Brainstem

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29
Q

Is decerebrate or decorticate posturing worse?

A

Decerebrate

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30
Q

What is the connective tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord?

A

Meninges

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31
Q

How much cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is in each lateral ventricle?

A

15-25 mL

32
Q

What color is CSF?

A

Clear and colorless

33
Q

What is the specific gravity of CSF?

A

1.007

34
Q

Is there RBCs in CSF?

A

NO

35
Q

Is there glucose in CSF?

A

Yes

36
Q

Where are injuries in the spine most lethal?

A

C2

37
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

A
  • Heart
  • Lungs
  • Blood vessels
  • Digestive organs
  • Glands
38
Q

What kind of response does activation of the sympathetic nervous system cause?

A

Fight or flight

39
Q

What does activation of the parasympathetic nervous system cause?

A

Slows

40
Q

If there is damage to the Upper Motor Neurons (UMN) what happens to muscle tone?

A

Increased with spasticity

41
Q

Is there muscle atrophy with damage to the UMN?

A

No

42
Q

What happens to reflexes with damage to the UMN?

A

Hyperactive

43
Q

What happens to muscle tone with damage to the lower motor neurons (LMN)?

A

Decreased

44
Q

Is there atrophy with LMN damage?

A

Yes (flaccid muscle paralysis and atrophy)

45
Q

What happens to reflexes with damage to the LMN?

A

Absent or decreased

46
Q

How do you assess intellectual function?

A
  • repeat 7 digits
  • count backwards
  • subtract by 3’s or 7’s
  • Proverbs such as “early bird catches the worm”
47
Q

How do you assess motor ability?

A

Can pt. throw a ball

48
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Inability to interpret or recognize common objects through senses

49
Q

What is expressive aphasia?

A

Inability to speak

50
Q

What is receptive aphasia?

A

Inability to interpret words

51
Q

What is the order of assessment for someone with mental impairment?

A

Assess cranial nerve function, muscle tone, strength, then sensation with eyes closed

52
Q

What is a CT?

A

An x-ray

53
Q

What does a CT show?

A

Cross section of brain (can detect lesions)

54
Q

If you use contrast with a CT what do you check for?

A

Renal function (Cr. greater the 2 contrast cannot be given)

55
Q

What does a PET scan show?

A

Visualization of brain activity

56
Q

How does a PET scan work?

A

Insert isotope that connects to glucose in the brain and then placed under a geiger counter

57
Q

What does a PET scan allow you to study?

A

Brain metabolism and chemical function

58
Q

How long should a patient who has undergone a PET scan stay away from pregnant women?

A

About a day

59
Q

Why are MRIs beneficial?

A

May identify a cerebral abnormality earlier and more clearly than a CT

60
Q

What is an important nursing intervention when a patient receives an MRI?

A

Make sure they have no metal in their body

61
Q

What are cerebral angiograms used for?

A
  • Assess cerebral circulation

- Detect aneurysms and malformations

62
Q

What is a myelogram?

A

X-ray of sub-arachnoid space

63
Q

What does a myelogram show?

A

Distortion of spinal cord, dural sac, or vertebral column

64
Q

What has less complications with a myelogram?

A

Water based contrast

65
Q

What should the HOB be if using water based contrast with a myelogram?

A

30 degrees

66
Q

What should the HOB be if they use oil based contrast with a myelogram?

A

Flat and on their stomachs

67
Q

How long should they be on bedrest with a myelogram?

A

3-4 hours

68
Q

What are some other interventions for a myelogram?

A
  • Rehydrate
  • Assess voiding
  • Advise about photophobia
  • Watch for seizure
69
Q

What does a brain scan evaluate?

A
  • Vascular lesions
  • Tumors
  • Stroke
  • Brain abcess
70
Q

What are EEGs used to diagnose?

A
  • Seizure
  • Coma
  • Tumors
  • Abscesses
  • Clots
  • Infections
  • Sleep apnea
71
Q

What do you hold before and EEG?

A
  • Sleep
  • Sedatives
  • Stimulants
72
Q

What does an EMG do?

A

Differentiates UML and LML (neuromuscular or myopathy)

73
Q

Where is a lumbar puncture usually done?

A

Between L3-L4

74
Q

What position should the patient be in for a lumbar puncture?

A

Lean forward or feta position

75
Q

How should patient be positioned post procedure?

A

Prone to decrease CSF leak

From Flashcardlet (107 decks)

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