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Neurological Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

Cranial and Spinal Nerves

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3
Q

What is the first sign you will see with a neurological problem?

A

Change in LOC

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4
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum controls conceptualization, abstraction, motor ability, judgment, and ability to write words?

A

Frontal

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5
Q

What does the pre-frontal part of the cerebrum control?

A

Ability to plan, reason, concentrate, and adjust behavior

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6
Q

What does the pre-motor cortex of the cerebrum control?

A

Coordinates series of movements or intricate, complex movements

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7
Q

Which part of the cerebellum is the integrating and coordinating center for perception and interpretation of sensory information

A

Parietal

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8
Q

Which part of the cerebrum sends instructions to muscles to cause voluntary movements?

A

Motor cortex

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9
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum controls memory storage and integration of auditory stimuli?

A

Temporal

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10
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum is the visual center and controls understanding of written material?

A

Occipital

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11
Q

Which side of the brain do most people have the language and speech centers?

A

Left

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12
Q

Which area of the cerebrum is for language comprehension?

A

Wernicke’s

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13
Q

Which area of the cerebrum controls speaking ability?

A

Broca’s

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14
Q

If you have a left hemisphere stroke where will the paralysis be?

A

On the right (and vice versa)

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15
Q

Which are of the diencephalon is where sensation is perceived and houses the pain threshold?

A

Thalamus

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16
Q

Which part of the limbic system governs emotional states, and contains cells that mediate most autonomic functions?

A

Hypothalmus

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17
Q

Where does the origin of righting and postural reflex come from?

A

Midbrain

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18
Q

How do you test whether the midbrain is intact?

A
  • Romberg test
  • Proprioception test
  • Write letter on hand
  • Tests similar to what they use for drunks
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19
Q

What controls the rhythmic quality of respiration?

A

Pons

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20
Q

What connects central canal to spinal cord and is the vital center for cardiac, respirations, swallowing, gag, and cough?

A

Medulla

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21
Q

If the medulla is damaged what is the first thing you worry about?

A

Breathing

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22
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A
  • Fine movement
  • Balance
  • Position sense
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23
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • Keep body oriented in space
  • Control antigravity muscles
  • Checking or halting voluntary movements
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24
Q

How are arms positioned with a decorticate posture?

A
  • Arms flexed
  • Wrists and fingers flexed
  • Adduction (towards core)
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25
How are the lower extremities positioned with decorticate posture?
- Extended | - Feet are plantar
26
How is the body positioned with decerebrate posture?
Everything is hyperextended except the hands
27
Where is the injury with decorticate posturing?
Spinal tract or Cerebral hemisphere
28
Where is the injury with decerebrate posturing?
Brainstem
29
Is decerebrate or decorticate posturing worse?
Decerebrate
30
What is the connective tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges
31
How much cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is in each lateral ventricle?
15-25 mL
32
What color is CSF?
Clear and colorless
33
What is the specific gravity of CSF?
1.007
34
Is there RBCs in CSF?
NO
35
Is there glucose in CSF?
Yes
36
Where are injuries in the spine most lethal?
C2
37
What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?
- Heart - Lungs - Blood vessels - Digestive organs - Glands
38
What kind of response does activation of the sympathetic nervous system cause?
Fight or flight
39
What does activation of the parasympathetic nervous system cause?
Slows
40
If there is damage to the Upper Motor Neurons (UMN) what happens to muscle tone?
Increased with spasticity
41
Is there muscle atrophy with damage to the UMN?
No
42
What happens to reflexes with damage to the UMN?
Hyperactive
43
What happens to muscle tone with damage to the lower motor neurons (LMN)?
Decreased
44
Is there atrophy with LMN damage?
Yes (flaccid muscle paralysis and atrophy)
45
What happens to reflexes with damage to the LMN?
Absent or decreased
46
How do you assess intellectual function?
- repeat 7 digits - count backwards - subtract by 3’s or 7’s - Proverbs such as “early bird catches the worm”
47
How do you assess motor ability?
Can pt. throw a ball
48
What is agnosia?
Inability to interpret or recognize common objects through senses
49
What is expressive aphasia?
Inability to speak
50
What is receptive aphasia?
Inability to interpret words
51
What is the order of assessment for someone with mental impairment?
Assess cranial nerve function, muscle tone, strength, then sensation with eyes closed
52
What is a CT?
An x-ray
53
What does a CT show?
Cross section of brain (can detect lesions)
54
If you use contrast with a CT what do you check for?
Renal function (Cr. greater the 2 contrast cannot be given)
55
What does a PET scan show?
Visualization of brain activity
56
How does a PET scan work?
Insert isotope that connects to glucose in the brain and then placed under a geiger counter
57
What does a PET scan allow you to study?
Brain metabolism and chemical function
58
How long should a patient who has undergone a PET scan stay away from pregnant women?
About a day
59
Why are MRIs beneficial?
May identify a cerebral abnormality earlier and more clearly than a CT
60
What is an important nursing intervention when a patient receives an MRI?
Make sure they have no metal in their body
61
What are cerebral angiograms used for?
- Assess cerebral circulation | - Detect aneurysms and malformations
62
What is a myelogram?
X-ray of sub-arachnoid space
63
What does a myelogram show?
Distortion of spinal cord, dural sac, or vertebral column
64
What has less complications with a myelogram?
Water based contrast
65
What should the HOB be if using water based contrast with a myelogram?
30 degrees
66
What should the HOB be if they use oil based contrast with a myelogram?
Flat and on their stomachs
67
How long should they be on bedrest with a myelogram?
3-4 hours
68
What are some other interventions for a myelogram?
- Rehydrate - Assess voiding - Advise about photophobia - Watch for seizure
69
What does a brain scan evaluate?
- Vascular lesions - Tumors - Stroke - Brain abcess
70
What are EEGs used to diagnose?
- Seizure - Coma - Tumors - Abscesses - Clots - Infections - Sleep apnea
71
What do you hold before and EEG?
- Sleep - Sedatives - Stimulants
72
What does an EMG do?
Differentiates UML and LML (neuromuscular or myopathy)
73
Where is a lumbar puncture usually done?
Between L3-L4
74
What position should the patient be in for a lumbar puncture?
Lean forward or feta position
75
How should patient be positioned post procedure?
Prone to decrease CSF leak
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