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conditions > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Bells Palsy

A

Sudden weakness on one side of the face, causing a droop.
Usually temporary, improves over a few weeks. Inflammation of cranial nerve VII, usually related to infection.

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2
Q

Bells Palsy symptoms

A

Facial droop,
mild weakness-total paralysis on one side of face,
drooling,
jaw pain/behind ear,
headache,
loss of taste

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3
Q

Causes of bells palsy

A

Cause isn’t clear but related to having viral infection,
eg. Cold sores, genital herpes, chicken pox and shingles, rubella, mumps, etc.

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4
Q

Risk factors for Bells Palsy

A

Pregnancy (esp 3rd trimester or wk after birth), upper resp infection, diabetes, high bp, obesity.
Family history.

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5
Q

Bells Palsy treatment

A

Most people fully recover, meds or physical therapy.
Anti-inflammatorys to reduce swelling of the facial nerve.
Antiviral drugs may or may not help, in combination to steroids.

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6
Q

diabetic peripheral neuropathy

A

High blood sugar causes nerve damage outside of the brain and spinal cord.
Can be peripheral or sensory neuropathy or both.
4 types: peripheral, autonomic, proximal, mononeuropathy.

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7
Q

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy symptoms

A

Depends on affected nerves.
Pain and numbness in legs, feet and hands.
Digestive system, urinary tract, blood vessels and heart issues.
Different symptoms for different types.

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8
Q

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy causes

A

Unknown exact cause.
Uncontrolled high blood sugar damages the nerves and affects their ability to send signals.
High blood sugar weakens walls of capillaries that supply nerves with o2 and nutrients.

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9
Q

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy risk factors

A

Poor blood sugar control, diabetes history, kidney disease, overweight, smoking.

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10
Q

diabetic peripheral neuropathy treatment

A

Prevention – lower blood sugar, foot care.
No known cure, treatment can slow progression, relieve pain, and help restore function.
Lifestyle changes.

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11
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

Rare and serious condition, bodys immune system attacks peripheral nervous system

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12
Q

Guillain-Barre symptoms

A

Numbness, pins and needles, muscle weakness, pain, balance, and coordination problems.
Can cause difficulty breathing, swallowing and movement.

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13
Q

Guillain-Barre causes

A

Immune system attacks and damages nerves instead of attacking germs/infections etc.
Triggers can include infections, flu, HIV, viruses, vaccinations.

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14
Q

Guillain-Barre risk factors

A

Can affect all age groups, but more common in elderly and males.
Can occur following a trigger.
Campylobacter jejuni infection (causes gastroenteritis)

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15
Q

Guillain-Barre treatment

A

Plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin, treatment for symptoms, body function support.
Physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy.

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16
Q

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIPD).

A

Damage to the fat-based protective covering on nerves (myelin sheath).
Considered the long-term part of GB syndrome.

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17
Q

CIPD symptoms

A

Tingling/no feeling in fingers and toes. Weakness of arms and legs.
Fatigue.
Loss of deep tendon (muscle stretch) reflexes.

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18
Q

CIPD causes

A

Caused by an abnormal immune response.
Immune system attacks myelin sheaths of nerves.

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19
Q

CIPD risk factors

A

Any age and gender but most common in young men.

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20
Q

CIPD

A

Steroids and meds that focus on immune system, physical therapy.

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21
Q

essential tremor

A

Involuntary and rhythmic shaking, mostly in hands but also any part of the body.

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22
Q

essential tremor symptoms

A

Gradual symptoms, usually more on one side of body.
Worsen w movement, usually hands first. Shaking/nodding of head.
Worsened with stress, fatigue, caffeine.

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23
Q

essential tremor causes

A

Familial tremor, from altered DNA.
Unknown cause from other half of cases.

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24
Q

essential tremor risk factors

A

Most common in ages 40 or older, can occur in any age.
Altered genes, family hx.

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25
Q

essential tremor treatment

A

Beta blockers, anti-seizure meds, tranquilisers, Botox injections.
Therapy, nerve simulation devices, surgery.

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26
Q

parkinsons

A

Progressive disorder that affects nervous system.
Symptoms worsen over time.

27
Q

parkinsons symptoms

A

Symptoms start slowly.
Tremors, or stiffness, slow movement. Slurred speech, fewer facial expressions. Rigid muscles, speech change

28
Q

parkinsons causes

A

Genes,
environmental triggers,
presence of lewy bodies within brain cells,
a-synuclein found within lewy bodies.

29
Q

parkinsons risk factors

A

Ages 60 or older,
heredity,
male gender,
exposure to toxins (herbicides and pesticides).

30
Q

parkinsons treatment

A

Uncurable, but symptoms can be helped with meds, lifestyle changes, speech therapy, physical therapy.
Carbidopa-levodopa, dopamine agonists.

31
Q

Huntingtons disease

A

Rare inherited disease that causes progressive degeneration of nerve cells in brain.
Affects functional abilities, movement, cognitive and psychiatric disorders.

32
Q

huntingtons symptoms

A

Symptoms usually develop age 30-40.
Problems with movement, muscles, eye movement, balance, speech, focussing, learning, irritability, insomnia, fatigue

33
Q

huntingtons causes

A

Autosomal dominant disorder,
inherited one copy of the nontypical gene causing a 50% chance of inheriting the gene from a parent w the disease.

34
Q

huntingtons treatment

A

Uncurable but meds can help symptoms.
Antipsychotic drugs, movement control drugs, and others depending on symptoms.

35
Q

Multi system atrophy

A

Rare condition causing gradual damage to nerve cells in brain.

36
Q

multi system atrophy symptoms

A

Affects balance, movement, and autonomic system (breathing digestion, bladder control).
Symptoms differ for parkinsonian or cerebellar types.

37
Q

multi system atrophy causes

A

No known causes, may be inherited or environmental trigger, or build-up of alpha synuclein.

38
Q

multi system atrophy treatments

A

No cure, but meds for symptoms to aid comfort.
Meds to inc bp, impotence drugs, Parkinson’s symptoms meds, bladder care and therapy.

39
Q

Young onset movement disorders

A

Clinical neurological syndromes, involuntary movements from before age 18.

40
Q

young onset movement disorders symptoms

A

Hyperkinetic movements (dystonia, myoclonus, chorea, ballism, tremor, tics).
Hypokinetic (parkinsonism).
Ataxia.

41
Q

Young onset movement disorders causes

A

Brain injury, inflammation, infection, side effects of meds, toxins, complications of other conditions.

42
Q

Classic migraine

A

Migraine with aura.
Recurring headache at the same time or after sensory disturbances (aura).

43
Q

classic migraine symptoms

A

Temp visual disturbances that start in the centre of field of vision and spread outward.
Blind spots, shimmering spots, flashes of light, vision loss, maybe numbness, muscles weakness or speech difficulty.

44
Q

classic migraine causes

A

Triggers such as drinking, hormonal changes in women, stress, sensory stimuli, physical factors, meds, weather changes, sleep changes.

45
Q

classic migraine risk factors

A

Family history.
More common in women than men.
Triggers.

46
Q

classic migraine treatment

A

If aura isn’t followed by head pain, rule out TIA.
Pain relief, triptans to block pain pathways, DHE 45, etc, anti nausea drugs.
Preventative meds: bp lowering (b blockers), antidepressants, anti seizure drugs. Stress management.

47
Q

Atypical (common) migraine

A

Migraine without aura. Headaches are one sided with nausea.
4-72 hours

48
Q

atypical migraine symptoms

A

Impaired vision,
vomiting,
diarrhoea,
fever,
sinus pressure,
vertigo

49
Q

atypical migraine RFs

A

Women, ages 30-50, family hx, triggers like diet or stress

50
Q

atypical migraine treatment

A

Lifestyle changes to alleviate symptoms and minimise triggers.
Pain management

51
Q

cluster headache

A

Excruciating pain in one side of the head, usually felt around an eye. Frequent attacks during a cluster period, followed by remission periods.
15 mins - 3 hours.

52
Q

cluster headache symptoms

A

Pain behind/around one eye, can radiate.
One sided pain, restlessness, irritability, tearing, redness in affected eye, runny/stuffy nose, swelling, drooping.

53
Q

cluster headache causes

A

Unknown cause, usually abnormalities in body biological clock (hypothalamus).

54
Q

cluster headache risk factors

A

More common in men and in ages 30-40s.
Family history.
Alcohol use, smoking.

55
Q

cluster headache treatment

A

Avoid alcohol during a cluster period and other triggers. Acute (oxygen, triptans). Preventative (ca channel blockers, corticosteroids, nerve block, surgery)

56
Q

tension headache

A

Common headaches, both sides of head, face or neck.
Feeling pressure or tightening around head.
tender affected area.

57
Q

tension headache causes

A

Stress, sleep problems, caffeine, taking painkillers too often/too long (overuse/ rebound headaches).

58
Q

tension headache risk factors

A

Stress, tiredness, anger. Depression, anxiety.

59
Q

tension headache treatment

A

Painkillers, relaxing exercises, sleep pattern improvement, heat or cold packs.

60
Q

alzheimers disease

A

Deposits of certain proteins in the brain leading to changes, and destruction of brain cells.
Most common cause of dementia. Progressively affects a person’s ability to function.

61
Q

alzheimers symptoms

A

Decline in memory, thinking, behaviour and social skills.
Memory loss, problems with thinking and reasoning and decision making.
Struggles with routine.
Personality changes.

62
Q

alzheimers causes

A

Basic proteins fail to function normally. Neurons become damaged and lose connections.
Combination of genetics, lifestyles, environment.

63
Q

alzheimers risk factors

A

Increasing age, family hx, down syndrome, female sex, mild cognitive impairment, head trauma, air pollution, excessive alcohol consumption, poor sleep and lifestyle.

64
Q

alzheimers treatment

A

No treatment but meds can help or slow symptoms.
Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, to improve cell communication.

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