Neurology 4

Question 1

A reflex is

Answer 1

An involuntary movement produced in response to an excitatory stimulus

Question 2

A reflex arc is

Answer 2

A series of anatomical parts through which the reflex impulses travels

Question 3

Somatic stretch reflex arcs involve how many neurons

Answer 3

2 nerueons that are monosynpatic

Question 4

A somatic reflex arc will produce

Answer 4

Contractions of skeletal muscle

Question 5

A stretch reflex is caused by

Answer 5

Stimulus that stretches a skeletal muscle

Question 6

The cell body of a stretch reflex is found in

Answer 6

Dorsal root ganglion

Question 7

The efferent motor neuron of a stretch reflex is found in

Answer 7

The cell body in the anterior horn

Question 8

Flexor or withdrawal reflex involves how many neurons

Answer 8

3 neurons (polysynaptic)

Question 9

The stimulus in a flexor reflex is usually ____

Answer 9

Superficial

Question 10

Why is a flexor reflex initiated

Answer 10

A protective withdrawal through the contraction of flexor muscles

Question 11

What are the 3 neurons involved in a flexor response

Answer 11

Afferent sensory neuron -> inter neuron -> efferent motor neuron

Question 12

A crossed extensor reflex involves how many neurons

Answer 12

3 neurons

Question 13

The stimulus in a crossed extensor reflex is results in

Answer 13

Contraction of extensor muscles on the opposite side of body

Question 14

What are the 3 neurons used in a crossed extensor reflex

Answer 14

Afferent sensory neuron in posterior horn

Interneuon in posterior horn
Efferent motor neuron to extensor muscle

Question 15

An ipsilateral reflex is a

Answer 15

Reflex with a response on the same side of the body

Question 16

A spinal cord reflex is a reflex in which

Answer 16

The central of the reflex arc is in the spinal cord

Question 17

A deep reflex is produced by

Answer 17

Any stimulus to a deep structure (bone or tendon)

Question 18

A tendon reflex is a

Answer 18

Deep reflex in which a tendon is stimulated

Question 19

Ascending tracts are pathways by which

Answer 19

Sensory or motor information from the peripheral nerves is sent to cerebral cortex

Question 20

The ascending spinothalmic tracts determine raw data such as

Answer 20

Pain, temperature, pressure, and touch

Question 21

The ascending dorsal column medial leminsical pathway determine

Answer 21

Discriminating touch, vibration and proprioception

Question 22

How does information for dorsal corlumn medial leminscal pathway travel

Answer 22

Sensory or motor neurons in peripheral -> spinal cord -. Up through dorsal columns -> brain stem -> up through medial lemniscus

Question 23

A 3 neuron relay conducts impulses from

Answer 23

Peripheral to cerebral corder

Question 24

A first order neuron is used to

Answer 24

Conduct impulses from peripheral to spinal cord

Question 25

Second order neurons are used to

Answer 25

Conduct impulses form spinal cord to thalamus

Question 26

Third order neurons are used to

Answer 26

Conduct impulses from the thalamus to primary sensory cortex

Question 27

What is the pathway of a 3 neuron relay

Answer 27

First order detects stimulus -> synapse with second order _> synapse with 3rd order -> synapses with cerebral cortex

Question 28

The crude first recognition of sensation occurs when

Answer 28

An impulse reaches the thalamus

Question 29

Discriminating awareness occurs when impulses reach

Answer 29

Teh cerebral cortex

Question 30

Most second order neuron axons decussate meaning

Answer 30

They cross over, letting the brain register sensation on the opposite side of hte body (i.e Left by right)

Question 31

The principle of divergence describes

Answer 31

Each sensory neuron synapses with more than one neuron thus impulses diverge and may active many effectors q

Question 32

descending pathways are functionally divided into 2 groups of

Answer 32

Pyramidal tracts and extrapyramidal tracts

Question 33

Pyramidal tracts are

Answer 33

Voluntary

Question 34

Pyramidal tracts run via the

Answer 34

Lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts

Question 35

Describe how pyramidal tracts send information

Answer 35

From cerebral motor cortex - > lateral corticospinal pyramids of medulla oblongata -> anterior horn motor neurons

Question 36

Pyramidal tract axons will

Answer 36

Decussate in the lateral corticospinal

Question 37

Pyramidal tracts all skeletal muscles to be

Answer 37

Controlled by the opposite side of the brain

Question 38

extrapyramidal tracts are

Answer 38

Involuntary

Question 39

Extrapyramidal tracts originate in the ___ and carry

Answer 39

Origiante in the brain stem and carry motor fibers to spinal cord

Question 40

Extrapyramidal tracts are used to the

Answer 40

Involuntary and autonomic control of musculature

Question 41

Describe the process of extrapyramidal tract information

Answer 41

Brain stem -> spinal cord -> primary neuron -> secondary neuron -> anterior motor horn neurons

Question 42

Does every extrapyramidal tract decussate

Answer 42

Not every tract will decussate

Question 43

The principle of the common path describes how

Answer 43

Motor neurons in the antler horn of the spinal cord are the final common pathway for skeletal muscle impulses

Question 44

The principle of convergence states

Answer 44

Axons from many neurons converge to synpase with anterior motor neurons

Question 45

The principle of converge allows for a

Answer 45

Big widespread response to become a more specific movement