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Nervous System > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

Molecules that act as chemical signals between nerve cells, eliciting a number of effects, via receptors, in their target cells.

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2
Q

What is a neuromodulator and where it may not be released?

Ej. NO,Adenosine, Neuroesteroids, Polyamines, etc.

A
  • Is a messenger released from a neuron in the central nervous system, or in the periphery, that affects groups of neurons.
  • It may not be released at synaptic sites, it often acts through second messengers and can produce long- lasting effects.
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3
Q

Mention the neurotransmitters from aminoacid compounds and it site of production:

A
  • Glutamate - CNS
  • Aspartate - CNS
  • Glycine - Spinal Cord
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4
Q

Mention the 3 neurotransmitters that are derivate from Tyrosine and are Amino acids derivates:

A
  • Norepinephrine (Sympathetic nerves,CNS)
  • Epinephrine (Adrenal Medulla, a few CNS nerves)
  • Dopamine (CNS)
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5
Q

What is the precursor and site of production for Serotonin?

A

Precursor: Tryptophan

S.O.P: CNS, Enterchromaffin gut cells, enteric nerves

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6
Q

Glutamate is the precursor for ___________ that is produce on the ___________.

A

GABA

CNS

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7
Q

The precursor for Histamine is ___________, that is produced in the _____________.

A
  • Histidine
  • Hypothalamus
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8
Q

The production of _________ take place in the sensory, enteric, sympathetic nerves.

A

ATP BITCH!

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9
Q

__________ is a purine derived neurotransmitter which it precursor is ATP and is produced at __________.

A
  • Adenosine
  • CNS, Peripheral Nerves
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10
Q

Nitric Oxide (NO) is an gas derived neurotransmitter, what is its precursor and site of production?

A

Precursor: Arginine

S.O.P: Genitourinary tract, CNS

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11
Q

Wich is the neurotransmitter derived from Choline and produced in Parasympathetic nerves and the CNS?

A

Acetylcholine

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12
Q

For a molecule to be labeled as a neurotransmitter, what are the criteria that have to be met?

A
  1. Synthesis of the molecule occurs within the neuron.
  2. Storage of the molecule occurs within the nerve ending before release (e.g., in synaptic vesicles).
  3. Release of the molecule from the presynaptic ending occurs in response to an appropriate stimulus, such as an action potential.
  4. Binding and recognition of the putative neurotransmitter molecule on the postsynaptic target cell.
  5. Mechanisms for the inactivation and termination of the biological activity of the neurotransmitter.
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13
Q

Describe the 6 step process by wich a neurotransmitter are released from de synaptic membrane:

A

(A) In the resting state, vesicles are attached to microtubules.

(B) When an action potential is received, calcium channels open.

(C) Vesicles move to the plasma membrane, then

(D) bind to a complex of docking proteins.

(E) Neurotransmitter is released, and

(F) vesicles are recycled.

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14
Q

Neurotransmitters act by binding to specific receptors and opening or closing ion channels,

The receptors that directly control the opening of an ion channel are called ___________

A

Ionotropic

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15
Q

__________ receptors cause changes in second-messenger systems, which in turn alter the function of channels that are separate from the receptor.

A

Metabotropic

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16
Q

Nicotinicacetylcholine (ACh) receptor and Some glutamate and γ -amino butyric acid (GABA) receptors are both examples of what kind of receptors?

A

Ionotropic Receptors (Ion Channels)

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17
Q

______________ receptors are coupled to second-messenger pathways and act more slowly than ionotropic receptors. They couple either to adenylate cyclase, altering the production of cAMP or to the phosphatidyl inositol pathway, which alters calcium fluxes.

A

Metabotropic Receptors

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18
Q

___________ are coupled to G-proteins and, like hormone receptors, have seven transmembrane regions.

A

Metabotropic Receptors

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19
Q

Ion channels that are separate from the receptor are then usually modified by ____________

A

Phosphorylation

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20
Q

The β-adrenergic receptor, which responds to norepinephrine and epinephrine causes an increase in ______ which stimulates a kinase to phosphorylate and activate a ____________.

A

cAMP

Calcium Channel

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21
Q

The effects of neurotransmitters can be altered by :

A
  • Changing their effective concentrations or the number of receptors.
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22
Q

Concentrations can be altered by:

A
  • Changing the rate of synthesis
  • Altering the rate of release at the synapse
  • Blocking reuptake
  • Blocking degradation
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23
Q

Who is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

A

Glutamic Acid (Glu)

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24
Q

_________ is a non-essential aminoacid which does not cross the blood􏱮 brain barrier.

A

Glutamic Acid (Glu)

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25
Q

Where is synthetized glutamic acid and for where is beign released?

A
  • Is synthesised in neuron mitochondria from glucose and several precursors.
  • After being synthesised, is released into the cytoplasm where it accumulates in synaptic vesicles through a process dependent on Mg2+/ATP.
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26
Q

The propagation of the nerve impulse towards the axon terminal promotes the release of ________ from the synapse through a mechanism that depends on intracellular _________ by means of exocytosis.

A
  • Glutamic Acid (Glu)
  • Calcium
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27
Q

This glutamate receptor is clinically important because it may cause damage to neurons after stroke (excitotoxicity).

What is the receptor described before?

A

NMDA glutamate receptor

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28
Q

_____________ is an area of the limbic system of the brain that is involved in emotion and memory.

A

Hippocampus

29
Q

Mention the situation in wich extracellular glutamate concentration is increased?

A
  • After trauma and stroke
  • During severe convulsions
  • In some brain diseases such as:
    • Huntington’s Chorea
    • AIDS- related dementia
    • Parkinson’s disease
30
Q

Activation of _________ allows calcium entry into cells. This activates various proteases, which in turn initiate the _________.

A

NMDA Receptors

The pathway of programmed cell death or apoptosis

31
Q

Activation of NMDA receptors also increases the production of ____________ , which may in itself be toxic.

A

Nitric Oxide

32
Q

_________ is the major inhibitory transmitter in the brain

A

GABA

33
Q

________ is synthesized from Glutamate by the enzyme _________.

A

GABA

Glutamate Decarboxylase

34
Q

GABAA receptor are _______ , and the GABAB receptor are __________.

A

Ionotropic

Metabotropic

35
Q

The__________ receptor is the target for several useful therapeutic drugs.

A

GABAA

36
Q

__________ bind to GABAA and cause a potentiation of the response to endogenous GABA; these drugs reduce anxiety and also cause muscle relaxation.

A

Benzodiazepines

37
Q

_____________ also bind to the GABA receptor and stimulate it directly in the absence of GABA; because of this lack of dependence on an endogenous ligand, they are more likely to cause toxic side effects in overdose.

A

Barbiturates

38
Q

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine, known as catecholamines, are all derived from ___________

A

The amino acid Tyrosine

39
Q

_________ (also known as noradrenaline) is a major transmitter in the sympathetic nervous system.

A

Norepinephrine

40
Q

________________ arise in the spinal cord and run to ganglia situated close to the cord, from which postganglionic nerves run to the target tissues.

What is the transmitter for this postganglionic nerves?

A

Sympathetic Nerves

Norepinephrine

41
Q

________ stimulates the postganglionic nerves, the stimulation of these nerves is responsible for various features of the 􏱯fight- or-flight􏱰 response, such as ____________.

A
  • Norepinephrine
  • Stimulation of the heart rate, sweating, vasoconstriction in the skin, and bronchodilation.
42
Q

Norepinephrine-containing neurons arise in __________ in the brain stem and are distributed throughout the cortex.

A

The locus ceruleus

43
Q

____________ (also known as adrenaline) is produced by the adrenal medulla under the influence of ACh-containing nerves, analogous to the sympathetic preganglionic nerves.

A

Epinephrine

44
Q

______ is more active than ___________ on the heart and lungs, causes redirection of blood from the skin to skeletal muscle, and has important stimulatory effects on glycogen metabolism in the liver.

A

Epinephrine than Norepinephrine

45
Q

In response to ___________ , the body is then prepared to run or to defend itself. This neurotransmitter is not essential for life, however, as it is possible to remove the adrenal medulla without serious consequences.

A

Epinephrine

46
Q

The receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine are called ____________. They are divided into α- and β-receptor classes and subclasses on the basis of their pharmacology.

A

Adrenoceptors

47
Q

_________ are degraded by oxidation of the amino group by the enzyme___________ and by methylation by ___________.

A
  • Catecholamines
  • Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
  • Catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
48
Q

____________ is both an intermediate in the synthesis of norepinephrine and a neurotransmitter

A

Dopamine

49
Q

_______________ is a transmitter in nerves that interconnect the nuclei of the basal ganglia in the brain and control voluntary movement,
Damage to these nerves causes ____________.

A

Dopamine

Parkinson’s Disease

50
Q

________ is also found in pathways affecting the limbic systems of the brain, which are involved in emotional responses and memory.

Defects in dopaminergic systems are implicated in ____________.

A

Dopamine

Schizophrenia

51
Q

Nerves containing dopamine run in well-defined tracts. One of the most important tracts is the ___________, which connects the substantia nigra in the midbrain with the basal ganglia below the cortex.

Damage to this casue _________, with te loss of fine control of movements.

A

The Nigrostriatal

Parkinson

52
Q

In the periphery, _______ causes vasodilatation, and it is therefore used clinically to stimulate renal blood flow and is important in the treatment of ___________.

A

Dopamine

Renal Failure

53
Q

The catabolism of dopamine is comparable to norepinephrine. However, the major metabolite formed is _____________.

A

Homovanillic Acid (HVA)

54
Q

___________ also called 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is derived from tryptophan.

A

Serotonin

55
Q

___________ are concentrated in the raphe nuclei in the upper brain stem but project up to the cerebral cortex and down to the spinal cord.

A

Serotoninergic neurons

56
Q

________ neurons are more active when subjects are awake than when they are asleep, and ________ may control the degree of responsiveness of motor neurons in the spinal cord. In addition, it is implicated in so-called vegetative behaviors such as feeding, sexual behavior, and temperature control.

A

Steronigernic Neurons

Serotonin

57
Q

______________arise in the raphe nuclei, part of the reticular formation in the upper brain stem. In common with those containing norepinephrine, they are distributed widely.

A

Serotonin-containing nerves

58
Q

_________ is synthesized from choline by the enzyme choline acetyl transferase. After it is secreted into the synaptic cleft, it is broken down by ___________.

A

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholinesterase

59
Q

________ is the transmitter of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system and of the sympathetic ganglia.

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

60
Q

_________ also acts at neuromuscular junctions, where motor nerves contact skeletal muscle cells and cause them to contract. Apart from these roles,may be involved in learning and memory.

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

61
Q

Wich are the two main classes of Ach receptors?

A
  • Nicotinic
  • Muscarinic
62
Q

_______ receptors are ionotropic.

They bind ______ and are found on ganglia and at the neuromuscular junction.

When ACh or nicotine binds, a pore opens, which allows both Na+ and K+ to pass through.

Because the action of the ligand on the channel is direct, the action is rapid.

A

Nicotinic

Nicotine

63
Q

____________ are metabotropic.

They are much more widespread in the brain than are nicotinic receptors, and are also the major receptors found on smooth muscle and glands innervated by parasympathetic nerves.

A

Muscarinic Receptors

64
Q

Who specifically inhibits the muscarinic receptors?

A

Atropine

65
Q

In autonomic and enteric nerves, _________ is produced from arginine by the ___________.

A

Nitric Oxide (NO)

Nitric Oxide Synthases

66
Q

All of the following are charasteristics of which neurotransmitter?

Within the brain has a role in memory formation

Excess has been implicated in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases

A

Nitric Oxide

67
Q

________________ derived from it are now known to have transmitter functions.

A

ATP and other purine-containing molecules

68
Q

_____________ is found in a small number of neurons, mainly in the hypothalamus. It has been shown to control the release of pituitary hormones, arousal, and food intake.

A

Histamine

69
Q

Wich other molecules have now been shown to influence neural function? (they are more than 50)

A

Peptides

Nervous System (1 decks)

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