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NHB > NHB review 1 > Flashcards

NHB review 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of peripheral nerve damage

A
  • -Trauma (car accidents, gunshots, knifing, falls, etc, etc)
    • Metabolic (diabetic neuropathy)
    • Compromised vasculature
    • Autoimmune (Guillain Barré – demyelinating, mainly motor, and has recently been associated with Zika virus outbreak)
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2
Q
  • peripheral nerve damage

- May expect mixed __degeneration and __

A

May expect mixed axonal degeneration and demyelination

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3
Q

peripheral nerve damage: Electrophysiological findings:

A

Reduced amplitude of the nerve action potential (due to axonal damage) and/or

Slower conduction velocity (due to demyelination)

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4
Q

Wallerian degeneration is where nerve lesion is distal or prox to cell body; antro or retrograde?

A

distal; antrograde

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5
Q

axon regrowth is ___/day

A

~ 1-3 mm/day

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6
Q

result of AXONOPATHY WALLERIAN DEGENERATION

A

Degeneration, no conduction,

atrophy and fibrillations in muscle; axon regrowth ~ 1-3 mm/day; fiber-type grouping; impaired reflexes

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7
Q

Guillain Barre syndrome results from

A

Segmental demyelination

Schwann cells, myelin; slowed conduction; axon may recover.

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8
Q

At what sites will
Wallerian degeneration
and chromatolysis?

A

Sensory neuron
cell bodies located
in DRG and derive from
neural crest cells

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9
Q

In the PNS nerve regeneration occurs

at ___ mm day

A

1-3mm/day

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10
Q

In the PNS ___ cells can provide
a pathway for the regenerating axon
back to its correct synapse

A

Schwann cells

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11
Q

formation of myelin PNS vs CNS

A

PNS=schwann cells

CNS=oligodendrocytes

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12
Q

Myelination of the cortico-
spinal tract is not complete
until postnatally __?

A

1-2yr

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13
Q

Full myelination of fibers
to the frontal lobes does
not occur until

A

late adolescence.

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14
Q

why will Infantswill also show an extensor response (Babinski sign).?

A

–corticalspinal pathways are not fullymyelinated at this age, so the reflex is not inhibited by thecerebral cortex

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15
Q

The extensor response disappears and gives way to the ___response around 12 to 24 months of age

A

flexor

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16
Q

Difference between peripheral nerve III, A-delta, vs IV, C

A

III, A-delta is myelinated, some nociceptors, sharp pain, cold, hair receptors, pregang autonomic efferents, fast

IV, C=unmyelinated, most nociceptors, dull aching pain, warmth, itch, postgang autonomic efferents

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17
Q

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune

disease that generates antibodies to the?

A

ACh-R

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18
Q

Myasthenia gravis TX

A

AChase inhibitor, edrophonium

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19
Q

ptosis in Myasthenia gravis due to?

A

dysfunction of the muscles that raise the eyelid or their nerve supply (CNIII for levator palperbrae superioris and sympathetic nerve for superior tarsal muscle)

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20
Q

Peripheral nerve lesions Result in

Flaccid paralysis. Is there spasticity or UMN signs?

A

(NO spasticity – NO UMN signs)

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21
Q

Peripheral nerve lesions result in muscle __

A

atrophy

22
Q

Peripheral nerve lesions:

EMG: what are results?

A

fibrillations, reduced interference

23
Q

demyelination results in

A

reduced CV (conduction velocity

24
Q

Peripheral nerve lesion:
Stretch reflexes weak or absent
due to__

A

to sensory (Ia) and/or motor (α-MN) axon damage

25
Q

Is there Hyper-reflexia in peripheral nerve lesion?

A

(NO hyper-reflexia – NO UMN signs)

26
Q

Mechanosensory cation (Na+/K+ channels) cause

A

depolarization

27
Q

vibration, flutter

A

Pacinian corpuscles

28
Q

touch

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

29
Q

pressure, touch

A

Merkel endings

30
Q

pressure

A

Ruffini endings

31
Q

(pain, temperature)

A

Free endings

32
Q

Important for conscious proprioception and body position

A

(Dorsal column/ML, VPL, S1 cortex)

33
Q

Important for unconscious proprioception

A

(Clarke’s column/lateral cuneus, ICP, cerebellum)

34
Q

Muscle spindle

A

length and movement

35
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

tension

36
Q 
Uncrossed sensory(ascending) pathway: 
Dorsal (posterior)   spino-cerebellar tract
function
A

proprioception

mechanoreception

37
Q

T1 – L2/3 sympathetic or para

A

sympathetic

38
Q

para or sympathetic?
Cranial nerves
III, VII, IX, X
S2-S4

A

parasympathetic

39
Q

Dorsal column – medial lemniscus pathway (DC-ML)

function?

A

(Fine) touch, vibration, fine discrimination, proprioception

40
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

?= axons of 1st order neurons (primary sensory afferents)

A

DC

41
Q

Dorsal column -medial lemniscus pathway

?= axons of 2nd order neurons (from contralateral DC nuclei)

A

ML

42
Q

Dorsal column -medial lemniscus pathway?

A

Body: i.l. DC –> c.l. ML –>VPL (thalamus)

43
Q

Spinothalamic tract (STT) pathway?

A

c.l. –> VPL (thalamus)

44
Q

Spinothalamic tract (STT) function?

A

Pain, temperature, crude touch

45
Q

Axons of 2nd order neurons (from ___)

A

contralateral spinal dorsal horn

46
Q

Posterior (Dorsal) spinocerebellar tract (PSCT) pathway?

A

Lower extremities: i.l. –> ICP –> cerebellum

47
Q

Posterior (Dorsal) spinocerebellar tract

Axons of 2nd neurons (from___)

A

Clarke’s nucleus

48
Q

Posterior (Dorsal) spinocerebellar tract function

A

Proprioception, mechanoreception

49
Q

Trigemino-thalamic system: function?

A
  • -Pain and temperature (spinal tract & nucleus of V)

- -Touch, vibration, proprioception (main sensory nucleus of V)

50
Q

Trigemino-thalamic system pathway

A

Face: i.l. main sensory and spinal tract & nucleus of V–>c.l. ML and “STT” –> VPM (thalamus)

51
Q

what type of tracks are DC-ML, STT, PSCT, trigemino-thalamic system?

A

Ascending tracts

NHB (6 decks)

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