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NHB > NHB review 2 > Flashcards

NHB review 2 Flashcards

1
Q

dorsal column pathway and spinothalamic tract are what kind of pathways

A

Crossed sensory (ascending) pathways

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2
Q

Dorsal column pathway function

A

(fine) touch, pressure, vibration, fine discrimination

proprioception

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3
Q

Spinothalamic tract function

A

pain, temperature

crude touch

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4
Q

SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT

1st order neuron in pain and temperature pathway. If damaged , pain and temp are lost ipsilaterally or contralaterally?

A

ipsilaterally

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5
Q

SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT
2nd order neuron in pain and temperature pathway. If damaged, P&T lost ipsilaterally
or contralaterally below the lesion?

A

contralaterally

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6
Q

DORSAL COLUMN-MEDIAL LEMNISCUS
DISCRIMINATIVE PATHWAY

1st order neuron in discriminative pathway. If this neuron is damaged , discriminative input is lost ipsilaterally or contralateral

A

ipsilaterally

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7
Q

DORSAL COLUMN- MEDIAL LEMNISCUS
DISCRIMINATIVE PATHWAY

2nd order neuron in discriminative pathway. If damaged here, discrimination input will be lost on the contralateral or ipsilateral side below the lesion.

A

contralateral

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8
Q

Brown-Séquard syndrome may be caused by

A
  • -spinal cordtumor, trauma [such as a gunshot wound or puncture wound to the cervical (neck) or thoracic spine (back)],
  • -ischemia (obstruction of a blood vessel),
  • -infectious orinflammatory diseases such as TB , orMS.
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9
Q

STT arises from___ in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

A

lamina I (and V) neurons

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10
Q

Two types of STT pain

A 
Physiological pain (brief, transient; pinch, hot plate, nail, …)
Persistent pain
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11
Q

STT persistant pin

A
  • -Allodynia (pain evoked by non-painful/non-noxious stimuli such as touch)
  • -Hyperalgesia (increased pain evoked by a noxious stimulus)
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12
Q

etiology of STT

A

Inflammatory (inflammation of skin, muscles, joints [arthritis], etc.)
Neuropathic (involving damage to nerve fibers, e.g., surgical, traumatic; allodynia and burning pain; difficult to treat)

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13
Q

Descending Pathways of
Endogenous Analgesia System
Inhibitory neurotransmitters released by pathways descending from the brain (3)?

A

serotonin, norepinephrine and opioids

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14
Q

Descending Pathways of
Endogenous Analgesia System
Inhibitory neurotransmitters released from dorsal horn neurons: (3)?

A

GABA, glycine, and endogenous opioids

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15
Q

Opiate receptors are found in the ____of the spinal cord – Morphine action sites

A

PAG, NRM, and DH

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16
Q

Why do opiates cause pinpoint pupils?

A
  • -Constriction of the pupils (miosis) is caused when light activates the optic nerve to send signals to and activate the parasympathetic pathway (Edinger Westphal nucleus of CNIII) of the pretectal nuclei).
  • -There is a high concentration of muand kappa opiate peptide receptors in this area as well.
17
Q

Excitation of muscle spindle activates homonymous and synergistic muscle. reflex?

A

The monosynaptic stretch reflex

18
Q

Autogenic inhibition

___ inhibits homonymous muscle. This circuit requires an additional interneuron, and is thus a “polysynaptic” reflex..

A

Golgi tendon organs

19
Q

When the subject stands on a pin that leg flexes and there is a simultaneous and opposite extensor activity in the opposite limb that helps stabilize the body. reflex?

A

Crossed extensor reflex

20
Q

UMN lesions increase effectiveness / activity of muscle spindle afferents because of the loss of the___

  • increased ___
  • __i sign
A
    • cortico-(reticulo-)spinal inhibition
  • -stretch reflexes (spasticity)
  • -Babinsk sign
21
Q

rare neurological condition characterized by a lesion in the spinal cord which results in weakness or paralysis (hemiparaplegia) on one side of the body and a loss of pain sensation (hemianesthesia) on the opposite side.

A

Brown-Sequard syndrome

22
Q

Brown-Sequard syndrome: Hemisection at

A

C5-C8

23
Q

UMN signs (spastic paralysis) for ipsilateral leg (and arm) + i.l. Babinski sign

A

CST

24
Q

loss of touch, pressure, proprioception ipsilateral body, below the lesion

A

DC

25
Q

loss of pain and temperature contralateral body, below the lesion

A

STT

26
Q

possibly discrete LMN lesion signs (atrophy) ipsilateral arm

A

VH

27
Q

bilateral loss of pain and temperature (SSTs out) up to the level of the thrombosis, Flaccid paralysis in the thrombotic region, spastic paralysis and a Babinski reflex (CSTs out), below the thrombosis. Discrimination OK (Dorsal columns not damaged). DX?

A

Anterior spinal artery Thrombosis

28
Q

slow degeneration (specifically demyelination) of the neural tracts in the dorsal coulumns (posterior coulums) of the spinal cord. Normally maintain proprioception and discriminative touch DX?

A

Tabes dorsalis

29
Q

–CST – UMN lesion signs bilateral paraplegia/quadriplegia
–STT- loss of pain and temperature bilateral
–Loss of bladder and bowel control
–If lesion is at C3-C5: respiratory arrest
DX?

A

Occlusion of anterior spinal artery

30
Q

What problems would you expect with disk herniation at L5-S1?

A

Lower back pain and

ankle reflex would be absent

31
Q

Cortico-spinal tract activates ?

A

MN in the ventral horn of spinal cord

32
Q

ALS upper or lower Motor neurons?

A

both

33
Q

ALS: early in the disease the weakened muscles will show

A

hyperreflexia and increased tone (upper motor neuron loss).

34
Q

ALS: Skeletal muscle wasting and weakness in various groups of muscles (___motor neuron loss).

A

lower

35
Q

ALS is characterized by

A

loss of lower motor neurons in the cord and brainstem and loss of cells that give rise to the corticospinal tract.

36
Q

Syringomyelia, the syrinx in mid-spinal regions expands damaging the ___so loss of ___ bilaterally in the affected segments. If the syrinx extends further, the next thing to go is motoneurons in the affected segments, in this case resulting in atrophy of ___

A
  • anterior white commissure
  • pain and temp
  • denervated hand muscles.
37
Q

here is Syringomyelia

A

C4-C5

NHB (6 decks)

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