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Russia in revolution > Nicholas II's accession/short-term factors of 1905 revolution > Flashcards

Nicholas II's accession/short-term factors of 1905 revolution Flashcards

1
Q

what were the negative aspects of Nicholas II

A
  • showed little interest in government affairs
  • Pobedonostsev was his advisor who gave him a very narrow and conservative view on the empire
  • no knowledge on the world of men, politics or government
  • indecisive and weak
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2
Q

what were the problems that arose from the emancipation of the surfs 1861

A
  • large amounts of grain exported for money
  • population increase led to an increased hunger for land
  • famine in 1891-2 showed backwardness of agriculture
  • there was enough food for the population available, but the poor communication system made this impossible
  • old ruling class had control of best land, land given to peasants wasn’t sufficient for anything greater than survival
  • redemption payments made it difficult for peasants to survive and there was a little incentive to increase productiveness
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3
Q

consequence of Ivan Vyshnegradsky

A

the selling of grain abroad led to a famine in 1891 that caused 1.5-2million deaths

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4
Q

when was the great spurt under Sergei Witte

A

1892-1903

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5
Q

what was an important development under Sergei Witte

A

he introduced high tariffs to protect the Russian economy in 1891

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6
Q

what was Witte’s main aim

A

to make the Russian economy strong enough to maintain its position as a Great Power

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7
Q

what were the factors required for rapid industrialisation that Russia didn’t posses

A
  • Russia had a very small business class which was an important class for the development of the British, and other, economies
  • peasants didn’t have complete freedom of movement which limited migration to towns to increase the workforce needed for new manufacturing industries
  • Russian economy didn’t have sufficient funds to invest in industrial development
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8
Q

who sponsored economic development under the Witte system + what did they place emphasis on

A
  • sponsored and directed by the government
  • placed emphasis on the production of capital goods, such as iron, steel and coal
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9
Q

how was the economic development sponsored

A
  • massive inward investment from Belgium, France and Britain
  • extra taxes on the peasantry
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10
Q

what was the centrepiece of the Witte system + how would it benefit the economy

A
  • Trans-Siberian railway which would run 7000km across the Empire
  • help exploit the economic potential of Siberia
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11
Q

what was the impact of the Witte system

A

impact was dramatic

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12
Q

when was much of the Trans-Siberian railway completed + how did it help economic development

A
  • much of the Trans-Siberian railway was completed by 1903
  • helped the development of Russian influence in the far East
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13
Q

by 1900, where was over half of the industrial workforce employed in

A

by 1900, over half of the industrial workforce were employed in factories with more than a thousand workers

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14
Q

by how much did the population of St Petersburg increase between 1890-1914

A

population of St Petersburg doubled

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15
Q

what did successful economic development allow Russia to do

A
  • exploit the natural resources of Siberia
  • develop military power through the development of capital goods
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16
Q

what did the rapid growth of towns and cities lead to

A

poor living and working conditions

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17
Q

what did poor living and working conditions lead to

A
  • development of social unrest
  • support for radical alternatives for Tsarism
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18
Q

what was the downside to the Witte system

A
  • Russia still lagged behind the other Great Powers in economic growth
  • taxation on peasants led to peasant uprisings being commonplace
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19
Q

what are some statistics to prove the development of Russian economy under the Witte system

A
  • coal production trebled
  • Russian rate growth was the highest in the world
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20
Q

what were the aims of the social democrats

A
  • overthrow the Tsar
  • create a socialist state
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21
Q

what support did the social democrats have

A
  • workers in cities and large towns
  • students
22
Q

what were the tactics of the Mensheviks in the social democrats

A
  • party should be a mass organisation which would eventually grow and take over power
  • work with other groups
23
Q

what were the tactics of the Bolsheviks in the social democrats

A
  • small, secret and tightly disciplined party of professional revolutionaries
  • seize power when the time was right
24
Q

what were the aims of the Socialist Revolutionaries (Populists)

A
  • get ride of the Tsar and the government
  • give land back to the peasants to farm collectively
25
Q

what support did the social revolutionaries have

A

mainly appealed to peasants

26
Q

what were the tactics of the social revolutionaries

A
  • propaganda to encourage revolution
  • violent acts
27
Q

what were the aims of the Liberals (Reformists)

A
  • wanted free elections and a parliament to run the country
  • wanted the Tsar to be a constitutional monarch
  • wanted civil rights such as freedom of speech, worship and conscience
28
Q

what support did the liberals have

A
  • middle and educated class
  • some members of the gentry
29
Q

what were the tactics of the liberals

A
  • meetings
  • speeches
  • discussions
  • publishing books calling for change
30
Q

when and where did the social democrats split

A

in London 1903

31
Q

why did tensions arise between the social democrats

A
  • disagreements on how the party should proceed
  • Lenin argued that the board of Iskra should have 3 people instead of 6
  • Martov and Lenin disliked each other, but Markov especially distrusted Lenin
32
Q

what were the results of the split

A
  • Lenin resigned from Iskra and resisted all attempts that were made to mend the split
  • Bolsheviks financed their work by party supported robberies
33
Q

what were the key features of the Menshevik party

A
  • wanted their movement less elitist to attract the support of the less educated and the peasants
  • openness of the Mensheviks led to differing views that were encouraged in the spirit of democracy
  • Mensheviks had more support through their campaigns for better wages and shorter working hours
34
Q

what was a key feature of the Bolshevik party

A

Lenin believed that he and his followers were better equipped to take on a fight for equality in Russia as they were educated, focused and diligent

35
Q

how did the Russo-Japanese War develop

A

rivalry between Russia and Japan for dominance in Korea and Manchuria

36
Q

how and why did the Russo-Japanese war start

A

started in 1903 after Russia renegaded on an agreement to withdraw its troops from Manchuria and so Japan decided to attack

37
Q

when was the Battle of Tsushima and who were the admirals

A
  • Battle of Tsushima in May 1905
  • Russian Admiral Roznestvensky
  • Japanese Admiral Togo Heinachiro
38
Q

what was the geographical disadvantage suffered by the Russian Baltic fleet

A

had to sail for 9 months to travel 18,000 miles from the Baltic, around Africa and out to East Asian waters

39
Q

what were the technological disadvantages suffered by the Russian Baltic fleet

A
  • acro-wireless equipment had a range of 65miles, meaning they were often out of touch with the Russian Admiralty
  • equipment constantly broke down
  • wire-less operators weren’t well supervised or well-trained
40
Q

what were the advantages of the Japanese

A
  • had Macconi wireless equipment so all ships could readily intercommunicate
  • Japanese ships were faster, newer and featured more effective artillery which was crewed by highly trained men
41
Q

what was the political impact of the Battle of Tsushima

A
  • forced Russia into US-brokered peace negotiations
  • caused diplomatic issues between UK and Russia because of Russian information proving false and Russia killing two British crew members
42
Q

what did the Russo-Japanese War offer

A

offered a chance to divert attention from economic problems and the growing discontent at home

43
Q

what was the effect of the Russo-Japanese war in Russia and why

A

war exacerbated the economic problems and military failure against what was seen as an inferior enemy encouraged calls for political reform

44
Q

what did the continuing economic hardships and the war with Japan lead to

A

led to calls for political change from all the sides, but the Tsarist government wasn’t prepared to change

45
Q

who helped organise a worker’s strike in December 1904

A

Father George Gapon

46
Q

when did Father Gapon lead a march to the Tsar’s winter palace and why

A
  • led the march in January 1905
  • to deliver a petition setting out the plight of the workers
47
Q

what were the demands of the marchers in Bloody Sunday

A
  • Economic: reduce working hours, increase minimum wage
  • Military: not to involve the country in wars they can’t win (response to Russo-Japanese war)
  • Political: the working men have no voice in the way in which the enormous amounts raised from them in taxes are spent
48
Q

how was Bloody Sunday a peaceful protest

A
  • the Tsar’s hymn was sung
  • children and women on the front lines
  • portraits of the Tsar, Ikons and Banners were carried
  • police didn’t stop the protest, they joined in
  • workers weren’t trying to overthrow the Tsar, they blamed his ministers and officials
49
Q

what did the soldiers do in response to the marchers

A
  • protestors were met with cavalry soldiers with their swords drawn
  • cavalry soldiers galloped towards the protestors with their swords
  • children and women were showed no mercy
  • cossacks cut through the crowd again
  • volley after volley off rifle shots
  • soldiers shot into courtyards of houses while crowds sought refuge
  • soldiers didn’t attend to the wounded or dead for some time, and didn’t let others do so either
  • wounds and injuries were of very severe character
  • left 200 protestors dead
50
Q

what were the consequences of Bloody Sunday

A
  • national shock at the brutal events
  • brought a short-lived revolution in which the Tsar lost control of large areas of Russia
  • although the revolution failed, it served as a serious warning of what might happen in the future
  • indirectly consequent August manifesto

Russia in revolution (11 decks)

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