Normal metabolism physiology

Question 1

Upon digestion how much available glucose is available for cells from:a) carbs b) protein and c) fats?

Answer 1

carbs: 90-100%
proteins: 58%
fats less than 10%

Question 2

The 2 principle circulating fuels are 1. and 2. ,
and are stored intracellularly as a) and b) .

Answer 2

1. glucose 2. FFA’s

a) glycogen and b) triglycerides

Question 3

approx how many grams of carbs can be stored in the liver as glycogen ? a)
and how many grams can be stored in the muscles?b)

Answer 3

a) 75g in the liver

b) 300-500g in muscle

Question 4

in normal metabolism insulin is needed for a) and B)

Answer 4

a) transport and b) storage process

Question 5

A few hours after a meal fuel homeostasis moves from storage to energy production and release mediated by what?

Answer 5

glycogen

Question 6

what is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 6

making glucose from lactate, amino acids and glycerol in the liver and kidneys, breaking down of glycogen in liver and making FFA’s available as a source of fuel.

Question 7

Define insulin:

Answer 7

It is a body building, storing anabolic hormone produced in response to higher glucose levels and suppressed with lower glucose levels.

Question 8

What is the role of beta cells in the pancreas?

Answer 8

regulates the storage and metabolism of fuels through insulin secretion

Question 9

list 5 functions of insulin:

Answer 9

1. allows glucose in blood to enter cells to be used as fuel
2. helps FFA’s to be stored as Trigs in fat cells
3. converts glucose to glycerol which is basis for stored trigs in fat cells
4. stimulates storage of AA as proteins in muscle tissue
5. helps liver and muscle store glycogen, and suppresses hepatic glucose release.

Question 10

The presence of food in the stomach stimulates an increase in these 3 things:

Answer 10

1. insulin ( beta cells)
2. glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1)- small intestine
3. amylin ( secreted from beta cells)

Question 11

GLP-1 incretin hormone reduces blood sugar levels by:

1. stimulates:
2. suppresses:
3. reduces:
4. Regulates:
5. is rapidly inactivated by:

Answer 11

1. beta cell growth
2. glucagon secretion therby decreasing hepatic glucose release
3. food intake
4. gastric emptying
5. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 ( DPP-4)

Question 12

Amylin is co-secreted with insulin and does the following:

1. regulates the rate of emptying.
2. influences the CNS to suppress what?
3. stimulates
4. is absent when?

Answer 12

1. gastric
2. postprandial glucogon and hepatic glucose production
3. satiety
4. type 1 DM

Question 13

the counter regulatory system is the body's defence against starvation and it is controlled by:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 13

1. glucagon
2. catecholamines
3. growth hormone
4. glucocorticoids

Question 14

Glucagon is the body first defence in starvation. In the first 8-12 hours of fasting what does it stimulate?

Answer 14

in the liver/ muscles there is a breakdown of glycogen to glucose and a release into the blood stream.

Question 15

After 8-12 hr of fasting what does glucogon stimulate to occur?

Answer 15

Gluconeogenesis: glucose production from the release of amino acids from muscle, and conversion from glycerol and lactate.

Question 16

Glucogon has a small effect in starvation on the release of what two things from fat?

Answer 16

FFA’s and glycerol

Question 17

After prolonged starvation what process occurs?

Answer 17

Conversion of FFA’s into ketone bodies.

Question 18

This catecholamine mobilizes glycogen stores, decreases glucose uptake and inhibits insulin production:
what is it and what can result?

Answer 18

Epinephrine

hyperglycemia

Question 19

what is the effect of growth hormone?

Answer 19

antagonizes insulin, decreases insulin uptake- results in higher BG

Question 20

Give an example of a Glucocorticoid and what does it do?

Answer 20

Cortisol- stimulates gluconeogenesis and decreases glucose use to increase blood glucose levels.

Question 21

The body produces counter regulatory hormones in early morning hours leading to elevated fasting sugars.
What term refers to this?

Answer 21

Dawn effect

Question 22

Two main hormones released in Dawn effect are:

Answer 22

cortisol and growth hormone