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unit 1: biological molecules > Nucleic Acids & DNA Replication > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids & DNA Replication Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Holds the genetic information that codes for proteins

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2
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

Transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

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3
Q

What are ribosomes made up of?

A

rRNA and protein

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4
Q

What is the general structure of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate group - pentose sugar - nitrogen containing base

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5
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Phosphate group - deoxyribose sugar - nitrogen containing base

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6
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

Phosphate group - ribose sugar - nitrogen containing base

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7
Q

What are the base pairs of DNA?

A

Adenine —> Thymine
Guanine —> Cytosine

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8
Q

What are the base pairs of RNA?

A

Adenine —> Uracil
Guanine —> Cytosine

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9
Q

How are polynucleotides formed?

A

Nucleotides are joined together by a condensation reaction which forms a phosphodiester bond between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the pentose sugar of another

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10
Q

What backbone does DNA have?

A

Sugar-phosphate

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11
Q

Why is the sugar-phosphate backbone strong and stable?

A

Covalent phosphodiester bonds

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12
Q

How many polynucleotide strands is DNA made from and what does this form?

A

2 polynucleotide strands making a double helix

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13
Q

What does anti-parallel mean?

A

The 2 strands of DNA run in opposite directions

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14
Q

What is step 1 in DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary bases in the polynucleotide strands
This causes the 2 strands to separate and the DNA helix to unwind

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15
Q

What is step 2 of DNA replication?

A

New DNA nucleotides are attracted to the exposed bases on the template strands
Hydrogen bonds form between the complementary base pairings

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16
Q

What is step 3 in DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase joins ADJACENT nucleotides together via a condensation reaction to form a phosphodiester bond

17
Q

When does DNA replication take place?

A

During cell division

18
Q

Why must DNA be replicated accurately?

A

So each daughter cell receives an exact copy of DNA

19
Q

Why is DNA semi-conservative?

A

Each strand in the original molecule acts as a template so each new DNA molecule contain one original strand and one new strand

20
Q

Why does DNA polymerase run in opposite directions?

A

The active site of DNA polymerase is only complementary to the 3’end because of the different shaped nucleotides

21
Q

How many polynucleotides does DNA have?

A

2

22
Q

How many polynucleotides does RNA have?

A

1

23
Q

What is the shape of a DNA molecule?

A

Double helix

24
Q

What is the shape of RNA?

A

Helix

25
Q

What is the size of a DNA molecule compared to a RNA molecule?

A

Relatively long

26
Q

What is the size of a RNA molecule compared to a DNA molecule?

A

Relatively short

27
Q

What type of sugar does DNA have?

A

Deoxyribose

28
Q

What type of sugar does RNA have?

A

Ribose

29
Q

What base pairings does DNA have?

A

Adenine — Thymine
Cytosine — Guanine

30
Q

What base pairings does RNA have?

A

Adenine — Uracil
Cytosine — Guanine

31
Q

What type of bond does DNA have in its sugar-phosphate backbone?

A

Phosphodiester

32
Q

What type of bond does RNA have in its sugar-phosphate backbone?

A

Phosphodiester

33
Q

Does DNA contain hydrogen bonds?

A

Yes

34
Q

What type of RNA contains hydrogen bonds?

A

tRNA

35
Q

What does semi-conservative DNA replication ensure?

A

Genetic continuity between generations of cells

unit 1: biological molecules (5 decks)

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