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Honors Bio > Nucleolus > Flashcards

Nucleolus Flashcards

1
Q

Cell theory

A
  • All living things are composed of cells
  • All cells come from other cells
  • Cells are the basic unit of life
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2
Q

What are the ways in which cells can be seen?

A
  • Staining

- Regulating light

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3
Q

What is Paramecium called?

A

Slipper animal

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4
Q

Why must a cell size be small?

A

To allow for a surface-to-volume ratio that will allow for adequate exchange with the environment

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5
Q

What must a cell size still be large enough for?

A

To house DNA, proteins, and structures needed to survive and reproduce

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6
Q

Once cell reaches it’s maximum size, it must ______

A

Stop growing and divide or it will become sick and die

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7
Q

What does the plasma membrane form between the living cell and its surroundings?

A

Flexible boundary

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8
Q

What two-layer sheets do phospholipids form?

A

Phospholipid bilayers where hydrophilic heads face outward and hydrophobic tails face inward

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9
Q

Pumps

A

Proteins that use energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell

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10
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Proteins on the surface of the membrane

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11
Q

Integral proteins

A

Proteins in the membrane

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12
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

Proteins that pass through the membrane and are embedded

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13
Q

Integral (non transmembrane) proteins

A

Proteins that do not pass through the membrane

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14
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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15
Q

Is bacteria prokaryotic?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Is Archaea prokaryotic?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Is Eukarya prokaryotic?

A

No

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18
Q

What do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic cells do not?

A

They have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform specific functions

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19
Q

How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells similar?

A

They have a plasma membrane, cytosol, one or more chromosomes, and a ribosome

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20
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The inside of both types of cells

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21
Q

In a prokaryotic cell, where is the DNA coiled into?

A

The nucleoid region

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22
Q

What is the cell wall in a prokaryotic cell made up of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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23
Q

Flagellum

A

Propels prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment

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24
Q

Which parts of the cell are involved in genetic control of the cell?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Nucleolus
  • Ribosomes
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25
Q

Which parts of the cell are involved in energy processing?

A
  • Mitochondria

- Chloroplasts

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26
Q

Which parts of the cell are involved with structural support?

A
  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microfilaments
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27
Q

Which parts of the cell are involved in manufacturing?

A
  • Smooth E.R.
  • Rough E.R.
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Peroxisomes
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28
Q

Centrosome

A

Microtubule organizing center (MTOC)

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29
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A

Rigid cell wall containing cellulose, plasmodesmata, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole

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30
Q

Cytoplasmic channels through cells walls that connect adjacent cells

A

Plasmodesmata

31
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in cells?

A

Chloroplasts

32
Q

Central vacuole

A

A compartment that stores water and a variety of chemicals

33
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls cell’s activities by directing protein synthesis by making messenger RNA

34
Q

The appearance of the chromosome while the cell is resting

A

Chromatin

35
Q

What is the shape of the nucleus maintained by?

A

Cytoskeleton network

36
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double-walled membrane with two phospholipid bilayers

37
Q

What are ribosomes involved in?

A

The cell’s protein synthesis

38
Q

Are ribosomes membranous?

A

No, they are non-membranous

39
Q

What part of the cell uses instructions from the nucleus, written in mRNA, to build proteins?

A

Ribosomes

40
Q

Where are free ribosomes found?

A

Suspended in the cytosol

41
Q

Where are bound ribosomes found?

A

Either attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope

42
Q

What does the nucleolus produce?

A

Ribosomal RNA

43
Q

Staining

A

Using dye to illuminate the cell (iodine is for starch, bromthymol blue for animals)

44
Q

Regulating light

A

Illuminating the specimen by introducing shadows

45
Q

Plasmid

A

Circular chromosome in a prokaryotic cell that exists outside of the nucleoid region

46
Q

Pilli (or Fimbriae)

A

Help attach prokaryotes to each other and their substrate

47
Q

Flagella

A

Used for movement in a prokaryotic cell

48
Q

As opposed to the circular chromosomes in prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have…

A

linear chromosomes

49
Q

Why are chloroplasts and mitochondria opposites?

A

Chloroplasts create glucose and energy storage molecules, while mitochondria break them down into ATP

50
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

51
Q

Cellular metabolism

A

The collective chemical activities in the cell

52
Q

What do animal cells have that plant cells don’t?

A

Lysosomes and centrosomes containing centrioles

53
Q

Nucoleosome

A

Protein on a chromosome that separates each gene from each other

54
Q

Nucleolus

A

Mass in middle of the nucleus that produces ribosomal RNA

55
Q

What do prokaryotic cells have that eukaryotic cells don’t?

A

Pilli

56
Q

What organelle contains most of the cell’s DNA?

A

Nucleus

57
Q

What is created to control protein synthesis?

A

mRNA

58
Q

What happens when a cell is resting?

A

Chromatin appears as a diffuse mass within nucleus

59
Q

Function of pores on the nuclear envelope

A
  • Regulate the entry and exit of large molecules

- Connect with the cell’s network of membranes

60
Q

Which membranous organelles are not in the endomembrane system?

A
  • Peroxisomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
61
Q

With a unit increase in size, the surface area grows at a much __ rate than the volume

A

slower

62
Q

What kind of molecules pass easily through the membrane?

A

Small, hydrophobic ones

63
Q

What is the functions of channels?

A

Shield ions and other hydrophobic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane

64
Q

How many chromosomes do prokaryotes have?

A

One circular chromosome

65
Q

Where is the circular chromosome found in a prokaryote?

A

Nucleotide region

66
Q

What do you find in the plasmids?

A

Antibiotic resistance

67
Q

What are pilli used for?

A

Sexual reproduction

68
Q

How is the structure of flagella compared with prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Common for all prokaryotes but different from flagella found in eukaryotes

69
Q

The fact that all prokaryotes have the same type of flagella indicates…

A

they all had the same ancestor

70
Q

What occurs in chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis

71
Q

True membrane

A

Those that are made up of phospholipids

72
Q

The chromosomes found in eukaryotes are…

A

linear chromosomes

73
Q

The nucleolus during cell division will…

A

disappear

74
Q

Ribosomes are exported from the ___ into the ___

A

nucleus; cytoplasm

Honors Bio (21 decks)

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