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NUEN > NUEN475 test 2 > Flashcards

NUEN475 test 2 Flashcards

1
Q 
Which of the following nuclides has the highest DIL under FDA standards and regulations? 
A) Cs-134 and Cs-137
B Ru-103 and RU-106
C) Sr-90
D) I-131
A

A, (since Cs-137 and Cs-134 can have up to 1200 Bq/kg

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2
Q

Name at least 2 of the 4 ways to manufacture medical radionuclides

A

Reactors, Accelerators, Chemical Separation and EM enrichment + purification

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3
Q

Name the 4 classes of aquatic systems that were formed due to fundamental differences in hydrodynamics and physical mixing characteristics, unique food web structures, and differences in water chemistry.

A

Estuaries, Streams or Rivers, Lakes or Reservoirs, Coastal Ocean

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4
Q

Name 4 major components of the development of a SCEM

A
  1. Identifying exposure pathways based on the daily activities of people
  2. Describing exposure scenarios for people
  3. Selecting the values for the exposure factors that will be used to evaluate the risks
    associated with these pathways and scenarios
  4. Defining the boundary of the area in which risks are to be analyzed
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5
Q

Who is responsible for making regulation for the spent fuel storage in USA ?

A

NRC

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6
Q

What is the goal of risk analysis?

A

 the goal of risk analysis is to identify the hazards and their potential risk and provide recommendations to mitigate the risk and improve the safety measures that need to be taking into account.
 is to provide realistic estimates of the potential risks to persons who live, work, and recreate in an evaluation area.

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7
Q

According to “Radionuclides in groundwaters: contaminants and tracers” by Eduard Hoehn, tracers can be used in three cases. Name one of the three (+1 bonus point for all three)

A
  1. Used to study aquifer motion
  2. Used to study the phenomenon sorption
  3. Used in determining residence time (groundwater age)
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8
Q

What was the largest cause of contamination for the Kyshtym accident?

A

Overheating of waste material that caused an explosion and rapid spread of contamination.

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9
Q

What was the Soviet Government’s response of the risk to the local population following the
Kyshtym incident?

A

the soviet gov’t refused to acknowledge the extent of accident for more that 30 years. They evacuated only native Russians but chose to experiment on the tartar people.

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10
Q

What bodies of water led to the spread of radionuclides after the Chernobyl incident?

A

The Pripyat and Dnieper rivers

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11
Q

Which short-lived radionuclide was a significant sources of radiation for the Chernobyl event?

A: 235U, B: 131I, C: 137Cs, D: 132Tc,

A

B, I-131

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12
Q

What radionuclide is the petroleum industry responsible for the spread of?

A

Ra-226

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13
Q

This problem is framed as if it appeared on the popular American game-show “Jeopardy”
meaning that the student/player must provide the question to the following answer:
Q. A United States government agency that is tasked with monitoring food for radioactivity and
has the power to set standards and derived intervention levels (DILs)

A

“What is the Food and Drug Administration?” or “What is the FDA?”

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14
Q

What is WIPP and what do they do? What was the radiation source for the accident that
occurred at WIPP in 2014 and what caused it?

A

WIPP stands for Waste Isolation Pilot Plant which is a waste disposal site for the transuranic radioactive waste produced by the US nuclear defense program. The source
of the accident at WIPP was a storage drum that had burst open due to the use of
organic kitty litter rather than inorganic kitty litter.

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15
Q

During the accident that occurred at WIPP in 2014, were there any personnel in the
underground facility?

A 
There were no people in the underground facility. 
10
"Other examples of correct answers:
There were no people in the mine.
There were no people in the salt mine.
There were no people in the underground facility, but there were people in the
aboveground facility.
No
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16
Q 
Which of the following are ways to estimate the transport of radionuclides through the
groundwater?
A: Chemical tracers.
B: Models.
C: Groundwater dating.
D: A and B.
E: All of the above.
A

E, all of the above

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17
Q

Name at least 2 out of 5 sources of groundwater contamination in Hanford.

A

Reverse Wells, Plant waste discharge, Tanks, Cribs, Burial grounds/pits

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18
Q

In Hanford where is the 100 area of waste located?

A

Adjacent to the Columbia river

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of water pollution

A

Surface water pollution and ground water pollution.

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20
Q

Define resuspension and give an example.

A

Resuspension is the re-emmission of radionuclides that were initially deposited onto the surface by airborne plumes. Examples include: Wind, raindrop splash, and mechanical
disturbances(e.g. tilling)

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21
Q

What is the name of the document the FDA uses as a guideline for monitoring radionuclides in
imported foodstuffs?

A

Compliance policy guide (CPG)

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22
Q

List at least one protective action taken if imported food is confirmed to be contaminated with
radionuclides.

A

Temporary embargos placed, brushing/washing/peeling to remove surface contamination, holding the contaminated food to allow for radioactive decay.

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23
Q

What is the isotopic abundance of potassium-40 in natural potassium?

a. 10%
b. 1%
c. 0.1%
d. 0.01%

A

D, 0.01%

24
Q

Name at least two factors that can alter aquatic ecosystems.

A

Water pollution, Excessive use of fertilizers, Industries, Waste Disposal

25
Q

What is resuspension?

A

Resuspension is the reemission of radionuclides from soil into the air stream that were initially deposited on the surface from airborne plumes.

26
Q

What does bASS Stand for?

A

Bioacummulation and aquatic system simulator

27
Q

Which of the following is NOT a class of aquatic system?

a. Streams and Rivers
b. Impounded reservoirs and lakes
c. Estuaries
d. Coastal Oceans
e. Water Table

A

E, Water tables

28
Q

There are 3 fast moving radionuclides and 4 slow moving radionuclides of interest at the Hanford Site. Name at least two of each type.

A

Fast moving: Tritium, Technetium-99, Iodine-129

Slow moving: Cobalt-60, Plutonium-239, Cesium-137, Strontium-90”

29
Q

Name and define 1 of the 3 forms of Groundwater Treatment methods employed at the Hanford Site.

A
  1. Pump-and-Treat Systems: Contaminated groundwater is pumped out of the ground and
    treated for various contaminants. It is then pumped back into the ground
  2. Chemical Barriers: A chemical barrier near Reactor D is used to convert hexavalent
    chromium into a less mobile form as water flows through the barrier. A calcium phosphate barrier near Reactor N is used to bind radioactive strontium as groundwater
    flows through soil to consume oxygen, chromate, and nitrate from groundwater.
  3. Biostimulation: Molasses and vegetable oil is used to feed microorganisms into the
30
Q

Describe and give an example of each of the 4 aquatic food web trophic levels

A

Trophic Level 1: Primary producers; examples: algae, sulfur bacteria, cyanobacteria)
Trophic Level 2: Herbivorous fish and benthic invertebrates; examples: zooplankton, snails, insects (larvae), mollusk
Trophic Level 3: Fish species that primarily consume bentic invertebrates, phytoplankton, and zooplankton; examples: leeches, insects, fish (carp, catfish, etc.)
Trophic Level 4: Fish species that primarily consume other fish, piscivores, top carnivores;
examples: mammals, birds, reptiles, fish (bass, pike, trout)”

31
Q

Name 2 basic categories and further subcategories that are air regulations divided into
according to the EPA.

A

Radon Emissions and Other Emissions. Within each there are regulations for Department of Energy Facilities and Non-department of Energy Facilities.

32
Q

Which radionuclides can be used to date water up to several decades?

A

C-14, Cl-36, H-3

33
Q

Name three types of transport processes?

A

Continuous, Discrete, Stochastic

34
Q

Why does activity in the Pripyat and Dnieper rivers increase during warm periods?

A

Runoff from melting ice and snow carries fallout into the rivers.

35
Q

What is a free food?

A

Foodstuffs gathered from nature like honey, berries, and nuts.

36
Q

Name 4 common exposure media.

A

indoor air, outdoor air, groundwater, surface water, storm water, sediments, surface soil, subsurface soil, game meat, and fish

37
Q

Describe the 3 groups of aquatic organisms found in a aquatic ecosystem.

A

Plankton – mostly microscopic organisms that float or drift freely in the water, and can be microscopic animals(zooplankton) or microscopic animals
Nekton – organisms that swim actively in open water, independent of currents
Benthos – bottom-dwelling organism of the sea or ocean and are often attached to hard surfaces.

38
Q

From the factors that can alter aquatic ecosystems, explain the types and effects of water pollution on the environment.

A

Water pollution- when energy and other materials are released into the water, contaminating the quality of it for its users. Types of pollution include surface water, groundwater, microbiological pollution, and oxygen deletion pollution.
Surface water pollution involves any pollution on the exterior of the Earth’s crust, oceans, rivers, and lakes
Ground water pollution involves any pollution in the soil or under rock structure or aquifers.
Microbiological pollution are microorganisms that thrives on water and fishes that can cause illness to land animals and humans
Oxygen Depletion pollution are microorganisms found in water and feed on biodegradable substances.
Water pollution may result in toxic water, thermal heating, and may result in diseases in organisms.

39
Q

What can you trace using Kr-85 gas?

A

Nonreactive gasses

40
Q

What isotope can be used to trace soil movement?

A

Pu-239

41
Q

Describe the Carbon Cycle

A

Carbon moves from the atmosphere to plants to animals to soil and then back to the atmosphere.

42
Q

True or False: Agricultural ecosystems are usually managed to maximize productivity of a single species.

A

True

43
Q

Explain the difference between statistical models and mechanical models for evaluating food chain transport.

A

Statistical models rely on empirical relationships, mechanistic sythesizes experimental data and knowledge and are more flexible for addressing past, present, and future.

44
Q

Define half-time for a compartment ecosystem.

A

The time for half of a substance to be lost from the compartment.

45
Q

What is a sink

A

A compartment with no loss.

46
Q

In gravitational settling from air to soil and vegetation particles with diameter more than 20 micrometers and a density of at least 1g/cc are effected more by: the force of gravity atmospheric turbulence

A

The force of gravity.

47
Q

In gravitational settling from air to soil and vegetation if particles are more than 1 micrometer, what process is more effective?
Washout, or
Rainout

A

Washout

48
Q

Why do we study the soil-vegetation partitioning of deposition?

A

We want to estimate the fraction of the deposit that was captured and initially retained by the vegetation.

49
Q

What is the common size for small aerosol particles?

A

Less than 20 micrometers

50
Q

What mechanisms are more important for aerosol particles in the case of dry deposition?

A

Surface impaction, electrostatic attraction, and chemical interaction can be more important than gravity.

51
Q

The process of washout is more effective for what size particles?

A

more than 1 micrometer

52
Q

Name the 3 primary mechanisms for transporting radionuclides in the soil to vegetation.

A

resuspension from the soil surface, root uptake from the deeper soil layers, and rain splash

53
Q

Describe the process of root uptake

A

Transport of contaminants from soil to the plant through active uptake by roots - only contaminants within the rooting zone.

54
Q

The classical formulation for root uptake uses the equilibrium concentration ratio CR.
The ration of what to what? How do we find CR?

A

CR= the ratio of the plant concentration to the concentration in the soil that the root can access

55
Q

The equilibrium concentrations of radionuclides in common food products, such as meat, milk, and eggs, may be estimated from empirically derived parameters called transfer coefficients (TC). How do we find TC?

A

Experiments in which a radionuclide is fed daily to an animal.

56
Q

The mobility of radionuclides and their potential transfer to the food chain are directly linked to what parameters?

A

Chemical form, redox conditions of the environment, alteration of minerals, and hydrogeological conditions.

NUEN (1 decks)

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