Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nagasaki Flashcard Extravaganza > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is vitamin A for?

A
  • Normal growth and reproduction
  • Normal skeletal and tooth development
  • Proper functioning of organs (Conjunctiva, retina, cornea)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?

A
  • Nyctalopia (can’t see at night/dim light)
  • Xerophthalmia (dry eyes)
  • Follicular hyperkeratosis, loss of appetite, impaired taste and smell, impaired equilibrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes vitamin a deficiency?

A

Malnutrition, fat malabsorption, corticosteroid therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the functions of vitamin D?

A

bone formation, mineral homeostasis, regulating serum calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is vitamin A given in certain regions with high deficiency rates? what does it help with?

A

*Two annual high doses of vitamin A are given in certain regions
*Reduces the incidence of diarrhea and measles in children and prevents blindness and hearing loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does vitamin D deficiency present as?

A

Rickets, osteoporosis , risk of falls, fracture
Fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what causes vitamin D deficiency?

A

GI disease, Poor intake, Obesity, Gastric bypass, Renal/hepatic dysfunction, Inadequate exposure to sunlight (e.g. Northern Europe, housebound)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the functions of vitamin E?

A
  • Antioxidant - protects cell membranes from oxidative damage
  • Possible role in heme biosynthesis (red blood cells), steroid metabolism, collagen formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the symptoms of vitamin E deficiency?

A

Peripheral neuropathy, intermittent claudication, muscle weakness,
hemolytic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what causes vitamin E deficiency?

A
  • Extremely rare
  • Premature, very low birth weight infants
  • Patients with fat malabsorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of vitamin K?

A

Clotting
Bone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?

A

Bleeding - esp in neonate, intracranial risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What causes vitamin K deficiency?

A

being a neonate esp perm, intestinal disease, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, malabsorption syndromes, bowel resections, liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of vitamin C?

A
  • SKIN AND BONE Vital for biosynthesis of hydroxyproline, precursor of collagen, osteoid and dentin
  • IRON Aids in absorption of non-heme iron from food → reduces ferric to ferrous iron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are symptoms of vitamin C deficiency?

A
  • Fatigue, capillary hemorrhages, petechiae, swollen hemorrhagic gums, bone changes
  • Impaired wound healing
  • Scurvy→if deficiency is profound/prolonged
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the causes of vitamin C deficiency?

A
  • Inadequate consumption
  • Smoking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the function of vitamin B1/thiamine?

A

Functions:
* Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid → formation of acetyl CoA
* Critical for energy metabolism!
* Myocardial function, nerve cell function
* Carbohydrate metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the symptoms of b1 def?

A
  • Beriberi
    *Neuromuscular symptoms: peripheral neuritis, weakness, Wernicke’s encephalopathy
    *Cardiac dysfunction, edema, tachycardia, enlarged heart, ECG abnormalities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the causes of b1 def/beriberi?

A
  • Inadequate diet - POLISHED RICE
  • Food faddism
  • Alcoholism
  • Malabsorption syndromes
  • Prolonged diarrhea
  • Chronic diuretic therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What diet predisposes to beriberi?

A

White rice or highly refined carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the response to b1/thiamine in beriberi?

A

Rapid - in babies in heart failure seen with hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of B2/riboflavin?

A

Involved in numerous oxidative and reduction reactions including CYP450 reductase enzyme system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the symptoms of b2/riboflavin deficiency?

A

Ocular symptoms
Light sensitive, easy ocular fatigue, blurred vision, itching watering sore eyes, corneal vascularization
Stomatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, magenta tongue

24
Q

What are the causes of b2/riboflavin deficiency?

A
  • Inadequate intake
  • Alcoholism
  • Malapsorption syndromes
  • Pregnancy
25
Q

What diet predisposes to pellagra?

A

Maize based

26
Q

What are the symptoms of b3 def/niacin?

A
  • Pellegra: the 3 d’s = dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
  • Neuropathy, glossitis, stomatitis, proctitis
  • Characteristic rash with well-demarcated lesions of hard, cracked skin with blackish pigmentation
27
Q

What is this a deficiency of?

A

b3/niaicin
Pellagra
well-demarcated lesions of hard, cracked skin with blackish pigmentation, sun exposed areas

28
Q

What causes pellagra/b3/niacin def?

A

most often in alcoholics, elderly persons, poorly nourished, isoniazid therapy, carcinoid tumors, MAIZE BASED DIET

29
Q

What is the function of b6/pyridoxine?

A
  • Cofactor for many enzymes
  • Role in heme production and in homocysteine metabolism
  • Potential treatment for carpel tunnel syndrome, PMS, depression, migraine
30
Q

What are the symptoms of pyridoxine deficiency?

A
  • Adults: pellagra-like dermatitis, oral lesions, peripheral neuropathy, scariness around nose, mouth, and eyes, dulling of mentation, convulsions, peripheral neuritis, sideroblastic anemia
    *Infants:irritability and convulsive disorders
31
Q

What causes pyridoxine deficiency?

A
  • Alcoholism
  • Severe diarrhea
  • Malabsorption, food faddism
  • Isoniazid and penicillamine
  • Genetic diseases
32
Q

What does folate do?

A
  • Essential for cell division, DNA production, brain and spinal cord
    development
  • Involved in red blood cell maturation
  • Function closely related to B12
33
Q

What are the symptoms of folate deficiency?

A
  • Sore mouth, diarrhea, irritability, forgetfulness
  • Megaloblastic anemia
34
Q

What are the causes of folate deficiency?

A
  • Alcoholism, malabsorption, food faddism, liver disease
  • Methotrexate, trimethoprim, anticonvulsants, sulfasalazine
35
Q

What is the function of b12?

A
  • CNS, GI, bone marrow
  • Fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism
  • Cobalamin coenzyme involved in DNA synthesis
  • Cell division
  • Folates need B12 for metabolism
  • Formation of myelin
36
Q

What are the symptoms of b12 deficiency?

A
  • Macrocytic anemia, glossitis, epithelial changes in GI tract
  • Paresthesia, peripheral neuropathy, unsteadiness, poor muscular coordination, mental confusion, agitation, hallucinations, overt psychosis
    SUB ACUTE COMBINED DEGENERATION OF THE CORD - lose dorsal/lateral, weak, spastic, reduced reflexes, rarely, vision is reduced.
37
Q

What are the signs of Wernicke’s?

A

Triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and confusion

38
Q

What causes b12 def?

A

Metformin-induced malabsorption, dietary, nitrous oxide use

39
Q

What does calcium do?

A
  • Increases cell permeability
  • Aids in B12 absorption
  • Regulated muscle contraction/relaxation
  • Catalyzes steps in activation of plasma clotting factors
40
Q

What are the symptoms of calcium deficiency?

A

Convulsions, tetany, behavioral and personality disorders, mental and growth retardation, bone
deformities

41
Q

What causes calcium deficiency?

A
  • Malabsorption syndromes
  • Vitamin D deficiency
  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Renal failure
  • Long term anticonvulsant therapy
42
Q

What are the symptoms of IDA?

A

Split or ‘spoon-shaped’ nails, sore tongue, angular stomatitis, dyspnea on exertion, coldness,
numbness of extremities

43
Q

What do the blood tests for IDA look like?

A

Low iron and ferritin, high TIBC and transferrin, low TSats

44
Q

What are the causes of iron deficiency?

A
  • Inadequate dietary intake
  • Malabsorption
  • Pregnancy
  • Lactation
  • Blood loss
45
Q

What are the symptoms of magnesium deficiency?

A

neuromuscular irritability, increased CNS stimulation, delirium, convulsions

46
Q

What are the causes of magnesium deficiency?

A
  • GI or renal losses
  • Malabsorption syndromes, acute or chronic diarrhea, steatorrhea
  • Drug-induced magnesium wasting in the urine →alcohol, diuretics, PPIs
47
Q

What causes Konzo?

A

Cassava based diet - build up of cyanides

48
Q

What are the symptoms of konzo

A

difficulty walking, loss of coordination, and paralysis of the legs

49
Q

what are the symptoms of lathyrism?

A
  • Young – middle age adults, more men
  • Often more gradual onset than konzo – but resulting in spastic paraparesis with flexion contractures, no loss of sensation
  • Scissoring gait
  • Atrophy of gluteal muscles
50
Q

What causes lathyrism?

A

legumes of the genus Lathyrus
* Grass pea, chickling pea, kesari dal, almorta. Lathyrus spp – sativus
* Toxin - ODAP, also known as β-N- oxalyl-amino-L-alanine, or BOAA
* = mitochondrial toxin

51
Q

What are the clinical signs of marasmus?

A
  • A thin ‘old man’ face
    • ‘Baggy pants’ loose skin around the buttocks
    • Usually active and may appear to be alert
    • No nutritional oedema
      Prominent ribs
52
Q

What are the clinical signs of kwashiorkor?

A

Bilateral pitting oedema
Loss of appetite
Hair changes - Pale, sparse hair with weak root
Hepatomegaly
Skin lesions and depigmentations
Apathetic/miserable/irritable

53
Q

What are the grades of kwashiorkor?

A

1/+ - feet
2/++ oedema to shins
3/+++ generalised oedema - check forehead

54
Q

What is wasting?

A

Low weight for height - acute malnutrition

55
Q

What is stunting?

A

Low height for age - chronic malnutrition

56
Q

What are the risks of death from malnutrition?

A

Hypoglycaemia
Hypothermia
Cardiac failure
Missed infection

57
Q

Which micronutrient is avoided during inpatient refeeding?

A

Iron - increased risk of hypokalemia and hypophosphatemia

Nagasaki Flashcard Extravaganza (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions