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1.2.4. Metabolism, Endocrinology, Haematology > Nutrition, Diet & Body Weight > Flashcards

Nutrition, Diet & Body Weight Flashcards

1
Q

Define cell metabolism?

A

Set of processes which drive energy and raw material from food stuffs and use them to support repair, growth and activity of the tissues of the body to sustain life

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2
Q

What is the function of metabolism?

A

Conversion of food stuffs to be used as energy

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3
Q

What is interconversion with regards to metabolism?

A

Conversion of nutrients to be stored

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4
Q

Outline what anabolism is

A

Synthesise larger important cellular components from intermediary metabolites, needs ATP, reductive = uses H

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5
Q

Define catabolism

A

Break down larger molecules into smaller ones, releases large amounts of free energy, oxidative = release H (has reducing power)

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6
Q

Name some products of catabolic metabolism

A

Building block materials: sugars, AA, fatty acids.

Organic precursors: acetyl CoA. NADH, NADPH.

Cell energy: ATP

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7
Q

What does a cell require energy for?

A 
Synthesis, 
maintaining ion gradient, 
nutrient uptake, 
transport, 
mechanical work, 
electrical work, 
osmotic work
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8
Q

What unit of energy is food measured in?

A

Joule (J), 1,000 joules = 1kJ

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9
Q

How many calories does 1 Kcal equal?

A

1kcal = 1000 calories

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10
Q

What forms does energy exist in?

A

Heat, light, mechanical electrical, osmotic,

cells use = chemical bond energy

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11
Q

The characteristic energy change accompanying each chemical reaction can be defined as?

A

Exergonic = release energy,

endergonic = requires energy

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12
Q

What is the difference in free energy between an exergonic and endogenic reaction?

A

Exo = < 0, endo = > 0

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13
Q

What type of reaction can occur spontaneously?

A

Exergonic

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14
Q

What is the role of redox reactions in metabolism?

A

OILRIG, NAD, NADP and FAD act as major H carrier molecules that undergo redox reactions to facilitate ATP prod and biosynthesis

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15
Q

Explain the biological roles of ATP

A

Biochemical money = form of energy by releasing a phosphate = ADP then = AMP

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16
Q

Explain the biological role of creatine phosphate

A

Acts as an energy store = store of high energy phosphate bonds in phosphocreatine

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17
Q

Explain the roles of high and low energy signals in the regulation of metabolism

A

Tell the cell more or less energy is needed e.g. ATP vs ADP and AMP

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18
Q

Where is ATP stored?

A

It isn’t. we store things that can have their bonds broken to help form ATP

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19
Q

The 3 phosphate groups in ATP are referred to as what?

A

Alpha, beta and gamma

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20
Q

What does 1 Kcal equate to?

A

amount of energy needed to raise temp of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius

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21
Q

What does the food we eat provide?

A

Carbs, protein, fat, minerals, vits, water, fibre

22
Q

Outline the structure of carbs

A

General formula (CH2O)n, contain aldehyde or keto group,

monosaccharide – single unit (3C = triose, 5C = pentose, 6C = hexose),

disaccharide = 2 units, 
oligosaccharide = 3-12 units, 
polysaccharide = 10-1000s
23
Q

What are the different forms of carb?

A 
Starch = plant storage, 
sucrose = glu-fruc disaccharide, 
lactose = milk, 
fructose = fruit, 
glucose = blood, 
maltose = glu-glu disaccharide, 
glycogen = animal storage
24
Q

How many essential AA exist?

A

9 cannot be synthesised and must be obtained

25
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A 
Isoleucine, 
lysine, 
threonine, 
histidine, 
leucine, 
methionine, 
phenylalanine, 
tryptophan, 
valine
26
Q

What are high and low quality proteins?

A

High = animal origin contain all essential AA, low = plant origin

27
Q

What is fat composed of?

A

Triacylglycerol’s (3 fatty acids esterified to 1 glycerol)

28
Q

Why does fat yield more energy than carb or protein?

A

Contain less oxygen than carb/protein

= more reduced so yeilds more energy when oxidised

29
Q

What are the essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic and linolenic acid

30
Q

What is the role of minerals in the body?

A

Establish ion gradients, Ca and phosphorus essential for structure, Ca for signalling, enzyme co-factors iron in Hb

31
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A, D, E, K

32
Q

Fibre is essential for what?

A

Normal functioning of the GI tract – low intake associated with constipation and bowel cancer, high levels reduce cholesterol and risk of diabetes

33
Q

Outline RNI, EAR, LRNI

A

RNI: reference nutrient intake (meets needs of 97.5%, may need less),

EAR: estimated average requirement (~50%),

LRNI: lower reference nutrient intake (2.5%, majority need more)

34
Q

What is the male and female daily energy expenditure?

A

70kg M = 12,000kJ/day,

58kg F = 9,500kJ/day

35
Q

The daily energy expenditure is the sum of?

A

Basal metabolic rate + diet-induced thermogenesis + physical activity level

36
Q

What does basal metabolic rate maintain?

A

Resting activities of the body: maintenance of cells, functions of organs, body temp

37
Q

Where are the energy stored in the body?

A

Short term in muscle, immediate use in carb stores, long term stores in adipose

38
Q

Obesity BMI is?

A

> 30

39
Q

How is BMI measured?

A

Weight (kg) / height squared (m)

40
Q

What is an alternative measurement to BMI?

A

Waist/hip ratio

41
Q

Underweight BMI is?

A

<18.5

42
Q

Desirable weight BMI is?

A

18.5-24.5

43
Q

Overweight BMI is?

A

25-29.9

44
Q

Severely obese BMI is?

A

> 35

45
Q

What does evidence regarding fat distribution show?

A

Greater proportion of upper body fat rather than fat on the hips is associated with: insulin res, T2DM, hypertension, stroke, hyperlipidaemia

46
Q

What is kwashiorkor?

A

Low protein intake, low circulating protein = decreased plasma oncotic pressure = oedema

47
Q

What role does fibre play in the diet?

A

We are unable to break the bonds present between glucose-beta chain in fiber, it gives structure to faeces so that it can be pushed through

48
Q

What is sucrose made up of?

A

Glucose-fructose

49
Q

What is lactose made up of?

A

Glucose-galactose

50
Q

What carb is a sourse of dietary fibre?

A

Cellulose

51
Q

List 3 main components of the diet that can be metabolised for energy

A

Carb, lipid, protein

1.2.4. Metabolism, Endocrinology, Haematology (21 decks)

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