Nutrition EXAM #1

Question 1

Define: Nutrition

Answer 1

A science that studies all the interactions that occur between living organisms and food.

Question 2

Define: Nutrients

Answer 2

Chemical substances in foods that provide energy and structure and help regulate body processes

Question 3

Food Environment(Availability)

Answer 3

Physical, economic, and factors that affect eating habits and patterns

Question 4

Factors of Food Environment :: Location

Answer 4

Think Developed vs Impoverishes Nations
Foods locally produced
Seasonal Foods
Transportation of Foods

Question 5

Factors of Food Environment: Socioeconomics

Answer 5

Income, Living Conditions, Education

Question 6

Food Environment Factors: Current Health Status

Answer 6

Ability to carry groceries
Food Allergies
Digestive Problems
Dental Issues

Question 7

Social/Cultural Considerations (Culture)

Answer 7

Norms specific to a culture
EX: Religious Norms
Jewish/Muslim= NO pork
Sikns/HIndus= NO beef
Christian= Good Friday= No meat FISH only
7th Day Adventist= Vegetarian

Question 8

Food Choice: Social Accessibility

Answer 8

Think of coffee with peers (like a meeting)
Family Dinners

Question 9

Food Choice:Emotional/Psychological

Answer 9

Food as Reward
Removal of Food as a punishment
Celebrations
Emotional Stress

Question 10

Food Choice: Personal Preference

Answer 10

Fav Foods- Taste/Smell/Variety/Appearance/Texture/Experience
Health Concerns- Primary Prevention of Disease of Deficiency/Current Health Status
Environmental Concerns- Climate Change(Think drought=no crops)

Question 11

Food Behaviors: Past

Answer 11

History of preparation and consumption of meals
Think of how long it took 100 years ago to prepare food, compared to now

Question 11

Food Behaviors: Past

Answer 11

History of preparation and consumption of meals
Think of how long it took 100 years ago to prepare food, compared to now

Question 12

Food Behaviors: Present

Answer 12

Pro-Greater food availability
Con-Fast food/Added sugary foods

Question 13

American Diet: Increase in Food consumption and calories

Answer 13

Larger Portion sizes, fast food, salty snacks, sweet bees.
Increased outing for dining

Question 14

American Diet: Under Consumption of…

Answer 14

Whole grains, Legumes, Veggies, Fruits, Seafood, and Low fat Dairy
Contain Nutrients that promote health

Question 15

American Diet: Over Consumption

Answer 15

Meat, Fats, and Sugars
Potential link to chronic disease risk

Question 16

American Diet Facts

Answer 16

American Adults eat MORE calories than they did 50 years ago
2/3 of Adults are overweight
Americans do NOT eat enough of the foods needed to make up a healthy diet
This current dietary pattern and lack of exercise increase the risk of chronic diseases.

Question 17

Define: Nutrients

Answer 17

Chemical substances in foods that provide energy and are involved in the regulation of the body’s process

Question 18

Non- Essential Nutrients

Answer 18

Substances in food that are not essential for life, but are beneficial for life
EX: Lecithin- Comes from egg yolks, good for nerve function

Question 19

Essential Nutrients

Answer 19

Obtained solely from the diet
Not produced by the body or in large amounts to meet needs
EX: Vitamin C

Question 20

Non Essential Dietary Nutrients: Phytochemicals

Answer 20

Substances in plant foods that are NOT essential nutrients
EX: Sulforaphane in Broccoli

Question 21

Non Essential Dietary Nutrients: Zoo-chemicals

Answer 21

Substances found in animal foods that are not essential nutrients
EX: CLA from meat

Question 22

Nutrient Classification: Energy Yielding

Answer 22

Carbs and Proteins
Lipids: 9Kcal/g
NOTE: Alcohol is not nutrient but provides 7Kcal/g energy

Question 23

Nutrient Classification: Macronutrients

Answer 23

Carbs
Lipids
Protein
Water

Question 24

Micronutrients

Answer 24

B Vitamins
Vitamin C
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Calcium
Iron

Question 25

Nutrient Classification: Inorganic

Answer 25

Minerals
Water
Do NOT contain carbon

Question 26

Nutrient Classification: Organic

Answer 26

Carbs
Lipids
Protein
Vitamins
Contains Carbon

Question 27

Define: Malnutrition

Answer 27

Refers to eating “too little” to “too much” of one or more nutrients

Question 28

Define: Undernutrition

Answer 28

Deficiency of energy or nutrients
Starvation is the MOST severe form of this
EX: Vit. A= Night Blindness

Question 29

Define: Marasmus

Answer 29

Protein and energy malnutrition deficiency
Think Muscle Wasting/ Fast Storage Depletion

Question 30

Define: Overnutrition

Answer 30

Excess intake of energy and nutrients
Adverse or toxic reactions in the body may occur
EX: Iron=Liver Failure/Vitamin B6=Nerve Damage

Question 31

Malnutrition Cont’

Answer 31

Energy intake > Energy Expenditure
US Adults: 68% are classified as overweight or obese 1
Children Ages 2 to 19 yrs: 17% classified as obese 1

Question 32

Diet and Genetics: KEY TERMS

Answer 32

Genes: Units of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) molecule responsible for inherited traits
: Impacts health status (sodium sensitivity)
Nutrigenetics: How genes affect the impact of other nutrients on health
Nutrigenomics: Explores the relationship between genetic variation and nutrition
: How nutrition affects genes (EX: Vitamin. A/ Vitamin D)

Question 33

Define: Personalized Nutrition

Answer 33

The notion that the diet is based on genes the individual inherited is used to prevent, moderate, or cure chronic disease.

Question 34

Define: Nutrient Density

Answer 34

A measure of the nutrients food provides compared to its energy content (calories)
EX: Broccoli more nutrient dense than French Fries
Fresh fruits and vegetables are lower in calories and have high nutrient density.

Question 35

3 Components for making a healthy diet?

Answer 35

Variety: Involves selecting nutrient-dense foods from each food group and within each group
Balance: One food lacking in a nutrient, balance with another food that does
Moderation: All types. of food are okay, not consuming too much energy, fat, sugar, or alcohol (Instead of Lg go for sm)

Question 36

Define: Scientific Method

Answer 36

A general approach of science that’s used to explain observations about the world around us.

Question 37

Steps of Scientific Method

Answer 37

1. Define a Question to Investigate. As scientists conduct their research, they make observations and collect data. …
2. Make Predictions. Based on their research and observations, scientists will often come up with a hypothesis. …
3. Gather Data. …
4. Analyze the Data. …
5. Draw Conclusions

Question 38

Types of Nutrition Studies

Answer 38

Observation, Human Intervention, Laboratory

Question 39

Nutrition Studies: Observational

Answer 39

Epidemiology: Relationships, Patterns(Not cause and effect), Correlation (2 or more factors occurring together)
Observational Studies: Case-Control Studies (Compare Individuals)

Question 40

Nutrition Studies: Intervention

Answer 40

Human Intervention Studies (Clinical Trials): Experimental, Involves Manipulation, Observations/Measurements
Control Group: Non-treatment/Usual Care (Placebo group)
Experiment Group: Receives Treatment

Question 41

Nutrition Studies: Laboratory Studies

Answer 41

Nutrient function
Evaluate Relationships
Cell to Organisms
Whole Organisms (Depletion/Repletion & Balance Study)

Question 42

Findings in Lab Studies

Answer 42

Cows: Digestion takes place in 4 stomach chambers
Pigs: Digestive processes similar to humans
Sm. Animals: Inexpensive, short life span, reproduce quick, demonstrate the effects of nutritional change rapidly

Question 43

Lab Studies: Cells

Answer 43

Human/Animal
Approaches/ Biochem or Molecular Bio

Question 44

Ethical Concerns in Scientific Studies

Answer 44

Goals: Avoid Harm & Protect rights of humans and animals
Studies w/ Human subjects: IRB (Institutional Review Board), Risks vs Benefits, Oral & Written explanation, Consent

Question 45

Evaluation Nutrition Info: What’s the Source?

Answer 45

Anecdotal Evidence: Personal testimonies or opinions, UNRELIABLE
Scientific Experiments: RELIABLE bc/ of rigor scientific method that provided data that was repeated/quantified