Objective 1 Flashcards
Ch. 1-2
List and describe the properties of living systems
Properties of Living Systems
- Complex and dynamic
- Organized, self-sustaining and self-replicating
- Cellular
- Information-based
- Adaptive and evolutionary
- Fundamental reaction pathwats are found in almost all organisms
Give a general overview (know the classes, not the specific members of each class) of the hierarchy of molecular structure in living systems.
(from the elements, through the precursor molecules, to the building blocks, macromolecules, and supramolecular assemblies.)
Hierarchy of Molecular Structure in Living Systems
(Largest to Smallest)
- Organismal Level (Human)
- System Level (Digestive System)
- Organ Level (Stomach)
- Tissue Level (Smooth Muscle Tissue)
- Cellular Level (Smooth Muscle Cell)
- Organelle Level (Nucleus)
- Chemical Level (Molecule [DNA])
- Atom Level (Carbon)
List the properties (features) of bio-macromolecules. Extended
The properties (features) of bio-macromolecules:
Carbohydrates- an organic compound consisting of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Saccharides and their derivatives include many other important biomolecules that play key roles in the immune system, fertilization, preventing pathogenesis, blood clotting, and development.
Monosaccharides- The 5-carbon monosaccharide ribose is an important component of coenzymes (e.g., ATP, FAD, and NAD) and the backbone of the genetic molecule known as RNA.
Disaccharide
Olgiosaccharide
Polysaccharide- {relatively few simple sugars}
serve for the storage of energy (e.g., starch and glycogen), and as structural components (e.g., cellulose in plants and chitin in arthropods).
Lipids- (relatively similar building blocks} biological functions of lipids include energy storage, as structural components of cell membranes, and as important signaling molecules. Cell contain near about 70% of water.
fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
Nucleic Acids- {4 deoxy- and 4 ribonucleotides} function in encoding, transmitting and expressing genetic information—in other words, information is conveyed through the nucleic acid sequence, or the order of nucleotides within a DNA or RNA molecule. Strings of nucleotides strung together in a specific sequence are the mechanism for storing and transmitting hereditary, or genetic, information via protein synthesis.
Nucleic acids, which include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are made from monomers known as nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA. If the sugar is ribose, the polymer is RNA.
Protein- {ca. 20 amino acids} Proteins are polymer of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
Essential Amino Acids- leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, phenylalanine and histidine.
Non-essential Amino Acids- arginine, alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine.
List the properties (features) of bio-macromolecules. Abbreviated.
Properties (features) of Bio-macromolecules
- Macromolecules and their building blocks have a directionality
- Macromolecules have a capacity to be informational
- Macromolecules have a characteristic three-dimensional architecture
List the weak forces in biological structure stabilization.
Weak forces maintain biological structure and determine biological interactions
- Van der Waals force
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Ionic Bonding
- Hydrophobic Interactions
List the categories and restrictions for biomolecular interactions.
Understand the categories and restrictions for biomolecular interactions.
Biomolecular Interactions
- Structural complementary
- Mediated by weak chemical forces
- Exist over a narrow range of environmental conditions
- Enzymes and regulation of metabolism
List the classification of organic reactions in biochemistry.
Know the classification of organic reactions in biochemistry.
- Nucleophillic substitution
- Elimination
- Addition
- Isomerization
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Hydrolysis
List the cell classifications as discussed in class.
Know the cell classifications as discussed in class.
Cell Classification
-
Autotrophs
- Phototrophs (CO2 and light)
- Chemoautotrophs (e.g. H2S, NO2-, H2)
-
Heterotrophs
- Chemoheterotrophs (reduced organic compounds)
- Photohetertrophs (reduced organic compounds and light)
Compare and contrast properties of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.
Be able to compare and contrast properties of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.
The Living World
-
Bacteria
- Biochemical diversity
- Exploit surrounding
- Majority play vital role in sustaining life on earth
- Practical uses
-
Archaea
- Challenging envioronments
- Resemble eukaryotes
- Extremozymes
- Bioremediation
-
Eukarya
- Size
- Complexity
- Multicellularity
Describe the flow of energy in the biosphere and the central role of ATP in energy capture and utilization.
Understand the flow of energy in the biosphere and the central role of ATP in energy capture and utilization.
Energy Flow in the Biosphere
Define metabolism in general terms
Be able to describe and define metabolism in general terms
Metabolism
- Metabolic pathways- sum of catabolic (degradive) and anabolic (synthetic) reactions
- Energy transfer patherways- capture and transform energy
- Signal transduction pathways- recieve and respond to signals
Understand the processes producing biological order.
Understand the processes producing biological order.
Processes Producing Biological Order
- Synethesis of biomolecules
- Transport across membranes
- Production of force and cellular movement
- Waste removal
List the systems biology as applied to cellular biochemistry
Have an understanding (as outlined in class) of systems biology as applied to cellular biochemistry
Systems Biology
- Emergence
- Robustness
- Modularity
Describe the basic themes of living cells.
Understand the basic themes of living cells.
Basic Themes of Living Cells
- Solvent is water
- Biological membranes
- Self-assembly
- Molecular machines
- Macromolecular crowding
- Signal Transduction
Describe major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as described and discussed in class.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
-
Prokaryotic Cells
- Cell wall
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Pili and flagella
-
Eukaryotic Cells
- Plasma membrane
- Organelles
- Cytoskeleton
Be able to describe major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as described and discussed in class.
