Observing and Recording Behaviour Flashcards
Describe the general idea of the case study
-Drug use was 3x higher in high school students
-Students had a lack of knowledge and attitude in drug use
-Led to LAPD and LA education department in designing DARE
Explain the results of DARE and the response to those results
-Based on the graph, there was a change in the attitude and knowledge of drug use but drug usage itself was unaffected
-That was proven when BANGERT-DOWNS performed meta-analyses over 33 evaluations and saw no change in action
-DARE keeping it REAL (refuse, explain, avoid, leave) program was made and this impacted drug use rate
Explain EAB and the two types of experimental designs that are typically used
-Continuous recording/ measurement of T.B using frequency or rate
-Within subject: A person’s response is compared to their own response at a different time/ situation
-Between subject: comparing a control group with the experimental group
What conditions are required for EAB
-Visual analysis of graphed data should be used; not statistical or hypothetical (ie. mental images) as there’s no proof
-Must be seen/ overt
Name the phases of B.mod
Screening (intake):
-collecting client background info
-Understand reasons for seeking help
-State policies and practices
-Diagnose client on DSM5
-Confirm if B-mod will help client
Baseline (preprogram assessment):
-Measure over a prolonged amount of time to see normal behaviour
Treatment:
-Undergo B.mod
Follow-up:
-See long term effects
-Decide whether treatment program worked or if it needs to be changed
Define B. assesment
-Measuring the target behaviour
“Who” observes the behaviours and who is assessed
-Professionals (psychologist or behaviour analyst)
-Lay persons (teacher or coaches)
-Yourself (self-monitoring)
-Cons include: observer bias, unmotivation, poorly trained observer, behaviour may be covert
-Referred to as person or client
-Use present tense (‘has’)
-Do not use labels as it insinuates that they will have that condition in the future
“What”
Target behaviour:
What you wish to modify (either increase or decrease in frequency); when defining, it must not be ambiguous
Behavioural goal:
the specifics of the target behaviour process; what the program will look like in terms of T.B
Outcome goal:
What you expect to happen at the end of treatment; why you wanted it to be modified; a result you wish to attain
“Where” does the behaviour analysis occur
Natural setting:
Behaviour observed in client’s everyday life
-Prevents accurate environment (ex. chaotic, noisy environment)
Analogous setting:
Behaviour observed in simulated location
Unstructured setting:
Behavior observed without alterations or instructions by observer
Structured setting:
Behavior observed with alterations or instructions by observer
CONS:
-Being conscious about behaviour being recorded may affect actions and consciousness about behaviour so it’s not that accurate; upside is that behaviour may still be modified and you may get intended results
“When” are observations made during the observation period
Continuous recording:
Record all occurrences of behaviour during the entire Obs. period
*Ideal if behaviours occur at low rates for same periods of time
*Highly accurate way of measurement
*Suitable for self-monitoring
*Impractical; labour-intensive; time consuming for observer
Interval recording:
Take a chunk of time and divide it into equal, separate intervals
*good for behaviours that occur at high rates and last for unequal amount of times
Partial-interval recording:
Behaviour must occur at least once during set intervals for it to be acknowledged and recorded; can be multiple times within an interval
*good for frequent behaviours like a child talking to their peer during class
Whole-interval recording:
Behaviour must last for the entire duration of the interval for it to be acknowledged and recorded
*Easier and less demanding to record unlike continuous
*Less representative to the true occurrence of the behaviour as behaviour may last for less than the interval
Time sample recording:
Observing behaviour towards the end of the interval
(ex. if child is known to talk for 1 minute, during a 10 minute interval, record the final minute if the child talks)
*easiest and least demanding method
*high chance of sampling error
“How”
-Behaviour must be defined and quantified
-Defined such that there are no loopholes or ambiguity
Direct assessment:
-ABC’s are observed and recorded as they occur in real time
(can be anything like watching a video of someone performing their behaviour in real time)
Indirect assessment:
-Based on remembered information; second-hand assessment
(memory, questionnaire, role playing/ reenactment)
Potential Problems:
*indirect is less accurate as observers may not be properly trained and memory may be distorted
*direct is harder to assess as it is time consuming, needs to be overt behaviours, and observers must be trained
Tip:
-Use active verbs, no future or anything that alludes to a label
-Must be defined such that there is an IOA in terms of the definition perfectly describing the T.B
-No inferences or descriptions of internal states (like anger or hunger)
Name the six common dimensions
- Frequency
Number of Reponses/ occurrences of behaviour in a period of time - Duration
Length of time of behaviour - Latency
The time between the antecedent and the time the behaviour occurs - Intensity
Assesses the strength of behaviour (often using a rating scale like # of calories eaten or sound pressure of someone’s voice in dB) - Product
Measuring the physical output of behaviour; used if behaviour cannot be measured or observed (number of boxes assembled in a single shift) - Quality
Judgment of social value; may use a rating scale
(International Skating Union for figure skating; having people judge/rate you)
Name ways to record behaviours (recording instruments)
Data sheets
-Record behaviour’s frequency, duration, latency, or occurrence in intervals
ABC observation data sheets
-Makes note of Antecedent, behaviour, and consequence/results in order to recognize patterns and learn more about behaviour
ABC observation checklist
-After a while of using the data sheet, you’ll notice a pattern in which you can use a simplified checklist that lists off the common A.B.C’s that you recognized in the data sheet and keep track of any occurrence then
What is the difference between morals and ethics
Morals are personal principles
Ethics are the external standard set by society
What is the operational definition
Defined how you will conduct your b.mod program; steps to be taken
*definition may be too vague and there may be loopholes
*some behaviour work best when using multiple definitions
