Obstructive Respiratory Medication

Question 1

Salbutamol

Answer 1

Short acting B-2 agonist (SABA), binds to G coupled B-2 receptors causing vasodilation, taken when needed

Question 2

Salmeterol, Formoterol

Answer 2

Long acting B-2 agonist (LABA), binds to G coupled B-2 receptors causing vasodilation, taken twice daily

Question 3

Side effects of B-2 agonists

Answer 3

Tachycardia, arrhythmia, hypokaleamia , tremor and anxiety. May get paroxysmal spasms with LABA use.

Question 4

Ipratropium

Answer 4

Short acting muscarinic antagonist (SAMA), prevents binding of Acetylcholine to M1, M2 and M3 receptors. Dilates airways from baseline level of constriction and reduces mucous production

Question 5

Tiotropium

Answer 5

Long acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA), prevents binding of Acetylcholine to M3 receptors.Dilates airways from baseline level of constriction and reduces mucous production

Question 6

Side effects of Muscarinic antagonists

Answer 6

dry mouth, fluid retention, and constipation but are limited by inhalation route of delivery

Question 7

Beclametasone, Fluticasone

Answer 7

Inhaled Corticosteroids that reduce inflammation of the bronchial mucosa by effecting the transcription of certain genes that promote or reduce inflammation

Question 8

Side Effects of Corticosteroids

Answer 8

Immunosupression leading to thrush, can also be absorbed systemically

Question 9

Aminothylline, Theophylline

Answer 9

Usually oral Xanthines that reduce bronchial restriction and inflammation by inhibiting phosphodiestrase. Aminothyline can be administered intraveneously for severe acute episodes

Question 10

Side effects of Xanthines

Answer 10

Arythmias and GI upset. Have a narrow therapeutic index

Question 11

Monteleukast

Answer 11

Oral Leukotrine receptor antagonist (LRA) which reduce inflammation in the airways by blocking the action of Leukotrienes, which are an inflammatory mediator released by eosinophils

Question 12

Side Effects of LRAs

Answer 12

GI upset, Low mood, weight gain

Question 13

omalizumab

Answer 13

subcutaneous immunotherapy which prevents the binding of IgE to high affinity IgE receptors om the surface of mast cells and basophils. Only for people with severe, non-responsive allergic asthma

Question 14

Side effects of immunotherapy

Answer 14

skin reactions, headache, susceptibility to parasitic infection (worms)

Question 15

Carbocysteine

Answer 15

oral mucolytic which reduces the viscosity of mucous, allowing for the patient to bring up sputum easier

Question 16

Side effects of mucolytics

Answer 16

Gastrointestinal haemorrhage, skin reactions, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (skin pain, flu-like symptoms, rash, blisters), vomiting

Question 17

Rofumilast

Answer 17

Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor given orally to prevent COPD exacerbation

Question 18

Rofumilast side effects

Answer 18

Decreases appetite, diarrhoea, gi distress, insomnia, anxiety, muscle weakness

Question 19

Sodium cromoglicate

Answer 19

Prevents release of inflammatory mediators and stabilises mast cells

Question 20

Sodium Cromoglicate

Answer 20

Bronchospasm (transient), pneumonia eosinophilic, nausea, throat irritation

Question 21

Fexofenadine

Answer 21

Oral Competitive H1 receptor antagonist (antihistamine)

Question 22

Fexofenadine side effects

Answer 22

Dizziness, drowsiness,headache, nausea, fatigue