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ENVS232 Marine Pollution > Oil Pollution > Flashcards

Oil Pollution Flashcards

1
Q

How are fossil fuels formed?

A
  • Dead organic material over millions of years
  • Accumulation of dead phytoplankton. Coal and natural gas mainly derived from land plants
  • Oil or Gas formation mainly depends on the temperature at depth: 60-120’C os optimal for oil, higher for gas
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2
Q

Where does current energy come from

A
  • Oil
  • Coal
  • Natural Gas
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3
Q

Worldwide demand for oil will…

A

Increase in the future

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4
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Complex mixture of hundreds of different hydrocarbons together with small amounts of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and traces of metals.

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5
Q

What is refinery ?

A

Where oil is distilled and separated into petrochemicals, based in different boiling points

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6
Q

Where are the major reserved of oil and gas

A

Under the sea
- Deepwater and ultra deepwater

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7
Q

What are the types of offshore extraction of oil platforms

A

Jackup Rig
Concrete Platforms
Steel Platforms

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8
Q

What is a jackup rig?

A
  • Large floating platform
  • Extendable legs
  • Crew quarters
  • Cranes
  • Drilling systems
  • Used for offshore drilling and production
  • Gulf of Ginea
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9
Q

What is a concrete platform?

A
  • Built on concrete hill bodies towed to sea locations
  • Functioning both as production facilities and storage tanks
  • Exemplified by the Sea Troll platform in the Norwegian gas field
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10
Q

What are floating platforms used for?

A

Great depth

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11
Q

What are steel platforms?

A
  • Bulleinkle, Gulf of Mexico
  • Lattice-framed structures anchored to the seabed with thick pipes
    For large scale oil or gas production in high-yield fields, built on land and towed to sea
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12
Q

What do subsea completion system do

A

Gulf of Mexico, Norway and SA
Modular systems that can connect different wellhead to one single oil platform

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13
Q

What is Perdido?

A

Deepest floating oil platform in the world
2450m
Shell
Gulf of Mexico

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14
Q

What is Deepwater Horizon?

A

Deepest oil well ever achieved

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15
Q

What happened 20th April 2010 ?

A

Explosion
- 780k tonnes of crude oil release to Gulf
- Methane increased 10,000 times
Oxygen levels depleted 40% more

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16
Q

Consequences of Deepwater explosion

A
  • Oil slick seen from space
  • Oily material had to be cleaned from beaches for years - record numbers of deaths of marine life
  • BP - $65 billion in penalties
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17
Q

What are super tanks?

A
  • Largest manmade mobile structures
    Transport 2mil barrels of oil
  • Aside from pipelines they are the most efficient of transporting oil
  • Oil spills can have the most widespread and severe environmental impacts
18
Q

What happened to Tory Canyon ?

A

March 1967
Hit rocks of the south coast of England
Massive pollution to the southern coast of England
Drifted to Normandy
Bombs dropped to sink the vessel

19
Q

Spreading

A

Oil slicks spread over a wider area, resulting in lateral spreading, which can occur at surface depth and depends on oil viscosity causing variation in oil thickness

20
Q

Evaporation

A

Occurs at the surface, with lighter components like petrol and diesel evaporating to the atmosphere, while heavier components evaporate less, and the rate depends on the slick’s area

21
Q

Dispersion

A

Waves and turbulence break up slicks into fragments and droplets, with the addition of chemical dispersants accelerating the dispersion

22
Q

Emulsification

A

Created when two liquids are mixed, can increase the volume of pollutants by 3-4 times die to their viscosity and persistence

23
Q

Dissolution

A

Water-soluable compounds dissolve in water, with light aromatic hydrocarbons being the most soluble and volatile

24
Q

Biodegradation

A

Microorganisms degrade oil at the oil/water interface, dependent on oxygen and nutrient additions for increased biodegradation

25
Q

Sedimentation/sinking

A

Few crude oil compounds are dense enough o sink in seawater, typically due to sediment particle adhesion or residues from burning oil

26
Q

Oxidation

A

Oxygen-induced oxidation of oils, facilitated by sunlight, results in the formation of tars, a protective coating, and a slow process of oil breakdown

27
Q

What are the impacts of spills

A

Dependent on circumstances
- Distance to sensitive habitats
- Weather
- Nature of oil
- Size of spill

28
Q

How do coral reefs come into contact with oil?

A
  1. rough seas mixing light oil products into water column
  2. Oil floating on the surface can be deposited onto corals
  3. As heavy oils weathers or mixes with sand or sediment becoming dense enough to sink below the ocean surface
29
Q

Biological impacts of oil

A

Seabirds:
- Compromised insulation
- Waterlogged and hypothermia
- Toxicity from preening and contaminated food sources
- At-sea and onshore

30
Q

Biological impacts of oil on sea mammals

A
  • Hypothermia (fur species like polar bears, sea otters, beavers)
  • Ingestion of oils leading to organ failure
  • Congested lungs
  • Decreased body mass
  • Stress
31
Q

Dolphins after Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

A

29 dolphins collected
- 48% very sick
- 25% underweight
- 17% were not expected to survive
- 1,000 dead on coast

32
Q

Biological impact of oil on fish/ shellfish

A

Fish may ingest large amount of oils through their gills leading to
changes in heart and respiratory rate, enlarged livers, reduced growth,
altered spawning

33
Q

Biological impacts of oil on corals

A

Branch loss ultimately leading to
delayed mortality detectable 7
years after spill

34
Q

What is skimming ?

A

Devices attract oil to water surfaces, transferring it to a tank
Ideal conditions for oil recovery are calm days and daylight, removing up to 40%

35
Q

Sorbents

A
  1. Transport and spread sorbents to oil spill sites
  2. Oil sorption
  3. Collect oil-soaked sorbents and transport them back to land
  4. Compress or distilling b
36
Q

In Situ Controlled Burning

A

Two boats use fire-retardant collection booms to burn oil in oiled marshes, focusing on daylight, mild winds, and flat seas, ensuring sustained burn without. adverse impacts

37
Q

Sinking by agglutination

A

Add chalk, talk, or sand to sinking particles, adsorbing oil and transporting it to sediment, trades short term protection for long term bacteriophage contamination

38
Q

What are Chemical Dispersants

A

Chemical dispersants, a mixture of surfactants and solvents, are used to break down oil droplets into smaller droplets, facilitating their mixing into the water
column
During the Deep Water Horizon crisis, millions of litres of a substance were used, leading to safety studies on its effects on various organisms

39
Q

Onshore cleanup

A

Limits damage and toxicity improves tourism
Aesthetic
Reduces impact on shore biota through washing wish seawater, freshwater, or hot water.

40
Q

What is an oil spill contingency plan?

A

Time is crucial for decision-making in sensitive areas, requiring hazard identification, vulnerability analysis, risk assessment, response actions, seasonal variability incorporation, and increasing GIS use

41
Q

What are the preventions put in place at sea

A
  • 1983 MARPOL convention
  • Ship design
  • Maintenance
  • Competence
  • Onboard equipment and
    navigational aids
  • Inspections
  • Etc…

ENVS232 Marine Pollution (24 decks)

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