OPHTHALMOLOGY, ENT, DERM

Question 1

Community management of diabetic eye disease

Answer 1

Early detection via the screening programme
Diabetes educators and nurses
Public health awareness campaigns

Question 2

Global health patterns of visual loss

Answer 2

Globally at least 2.2 billion have a vision impairment
The leading cause of vision impairment and blindness at a global level are refractive errors and cataracts
Prevalence of distance vision impairment is 4x higher in LIC or MIC

Question 3

Role served by optometrists in the NHS

Answer 3

As part of your role in a high street practice, you’ll:

make detailed examination of the health of the eyes
offer clinical advice regarding eye health and vision correction
prescribe spectacles or contact lenses. You might also dispense, fit and supply spectacles or contact lenses
make a referral for a specialist’s advice if required – for example is a patient needs surgery or specialist treatment
you may supervise trainee optometrists, dispensing opticians, and/or medical students during their training.
If you work in a hospital or an eye clinic you’ll be involved in more specialised areas of optometry such as treating and managing patients with:

glaucoma (an eye disease more common in black people and among the elderly) or
macular degeneration, which is the most common cause of blindness in western society

Question 4

Effective approaches to prevention of deafness

Answer 4

immunization;
good maternal and childcare practices;
genetic counselling;
identification and management of common ear conditions;
occupational hearing conservation programmes for noise and chemical exposure;
safe listening strategies for the reduction of exposure to loud sounds in recreational settings; and
rational use of medicines to prevent ototoxic hearing loss.

Question 5

Epidemiology of eczema?

Answer 5

Common - affects 10-30% of children and 2-10% of adults
Prevalence increasing

70-90% of cases occur before 5 years of age
Only 30% first develop symptoms as adults

Increased prevalence if affected parents. Affect 80% if both parents afefcted and 60% if 1 parent is affected

Question 6

Epidemiology of psoriasis?

Answer 6

Common - 1-3% of world population
Uncommon in children

Peaks of incidence 20-30 and 50-60

White people more likely to develop it
Most have positive FHx
Men=women

Question 7

Epidemiology of acne?

Answer 7

9% affected worldwide
Up to 95% of adolescents in western industrialised countries are affected by some extent. 20-35% develop mod/sev acne

85% are aged 12-24
More common in males in adolescence but women in adulthood

Question 8

Epidemiology of BCC?

Answer 8

75,000 diagnosed a year - most common cancer of skin
Most common type of cancer in the western world
75% of non-melanoma skin cancers are BCCs

Question 9

Epidemiology of SCC?

Answer 9

25,000 diagnosed a year

Question 10

Epidemiology of melanoma?

Answer 10

13,000 diagnosed a year ago
Least common type of skin cancer

Question 11

Points on counselling pts on appropriate sun protection

Question 12

leading cause of vision loss UK?

Answer 12

1. Age-related macular degeneration
2. glaucoma
3. cataracts

Question 13

leading cause of vision loss globally?

Answer 13

1. refractive errors
2. cataracts

Question 14

leading cause of hearing loss in the UK?

Answer 14

age-related hearing loss

Question 15

prevalence of hearing loss UK?

Answer 15

1 in 6 40% over 50s
71% over 70s
1-2 per 1000 babies are born with permanent hearing loss