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Chemistry > Organic > Flashcards

Organic Flashcards

1
Q

Define aliphatic

Define cyclic

A

Carbon atoms arranged in chains

Carbon atoms arranged in rings

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2
Q

Define homolytic fission

Define heterolytic fission

A

Covalent bond breaks symmetrically. Results in free radicals.

Electrons are transferred to most electronegative ions. Results in ions.

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3
Q

Define intermediate

Given an example of an intermediate

A

Species formed during a reaction mechanism but does not appear as a final product

Chlorine radical

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4
Q

Define structural isomer

A

Molecule with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

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5
Q

Define chain isomer

A

Differ in the way the hydrocarbon chain is branched

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6
Q

Define functional group isomer

A

Different functional group

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7
Q

Define position isomer

A

Functional group is in a different position on the carbon chain

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8
Q

Define E/Z isomer

Where are the atoms in Z isomers?

A

Same molecular and structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space

Heaviest atoms are on the same side

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9
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

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10
Q

Illustrate the steps of fractional distillation

6 points

A
  1. Crude oil is VAPOURISED at 350 degrees Celsius
  2. The vapor enters the bottom and rises up the column
  3. The largest hydrocarbon chains do not vaporize because their BP is too high so they run down the bottom
  4. As crude oil vapor rises, it cools creating a TEMPERATURE GRADIENT
  5. The shorter the hydrocarbon chain, the higher up the column the alkane condenses. The ALKANES CONDENSE into their separate trays called fractions
  6. The shortest hydrocarbon chains do not condense and are drawn off as gases at the top
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11
Q

What type of hydrocarbon chain have higher melting points?

Why?

A

Long hydrocarbon chains

It has a larger SA
since there are more bonds
so more van der waals forces between molecules
so more energy is needed to overcome these bonds

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12
Q

What are the gases, their uses and their condensing points?

A 
gases - liquid petroleum gas
40C - petrol - petrol
110C - naphtha - processed to make petrochemicals 
180C - kerosene - jet fuel
250C - gas oil - diesel fuel
340C - mineral oil - lubricator oil
Residue - wax - candles
                 grease - lubrication
                 bitumen - road surfacing
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13
Q

What is cracking?

Why is it useful?

A

Breaking of C-C bonds in alkanes

Cracking breaks down long less useful hydrocarbon chains into shorter more useful hydrocarbon chains, including alkenes

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14
Q

What are the conditions of thermal cracking?

What is the product?

How is thermal cracking used in industry?

A

High temperature 1000 C
High pressure

A lot of alkenes used to make polymers

To produce a lot of alkenes and make products with great demand

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15
Q

What are the conditions of catalytic cracking?

What are the products?

A

High temperature 500C
Slight pressure
Presence of zeolite catalyst

Produced alkanes needed for motor fuels and aromatic hydrocarbons

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16
Q

Why is a catalyst advantageous?

A

Decreases cost as reaction occurs at lower temperature and pressure
Speeds up reaction
Is not used up (reformed at the end of reaction)

17
Q

What is produced in complete combustion

What is required as a reactant and why?

Why is CO2 bad?

A

CO2 and H20

Excess oxygen so that C is fully oxidized

It is a greenhouse gas

18
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion?

When does incomplete combustion occur?
What is the result of this?

A

Carbon monoxide or Carbon and h20

When there is limited oxygen
Carbon is not fully oxidized

19
Q

Why is Carbon monoxide bad?

A

It is poisonous - binds to same site on haemoglobin molecules in red blood cells as oxygen molecules

20
Q

Why is Carbon as a product of incomplete combustion bad?

A

Carbon as a solid is soot

Soot causes global dimming, breathing problems and build up in engines

21
Q

How are the products of incomplete combustion reduced?

A

By using more oxygen

22
Q

Where and why is nitrogen monoxide produced?

A

Produced in car engine at high temp and pressure
Conditions cause nitrogen and oxygen atoms in air to react because high combustion temp and pressure provides sufficient energy to break nitrogen double bonds

23
Q

What are the equations for the production of nitrogen monoxide and dioxide?

A

N2 +O2 > 2NO

2NO + O2 > 2NO2

24
Q

How is sulphur dioxide produced?

A

Sulphur containing fossil fuels are burnt

They release S which reacts with O2 in air to prod SO2

25
Q

How is acid rain formed?

How is acid rain reduced?

A

SO2 or NO2 react with moisture in air to prod HSO2 or HNO2

CaO in the flue gases is reacted with HSO2 and HNO2 to neutralize acid

26
Q

Define homologous series

A

Molecules with the same functional group and similar chemical properties

27
Q

What do engines produce?

Why is this product bad?

A

Unburnt hydrocarbons

They react with nitrogen oxide I presence of sunlight to form ground-level ozone which irritates eyes and causes lung damage

28
Q

What is used to remove CO, NO(2) and Unburnt hydrocarbons from engines?

What is the structure of the catalytic converter?

Where are catalytic converters fitted?

A

Catalytic converters

Steel cylinder containing ceramic block with a honeycomb structure, coated in platinum or palladium or rhodium

Exhaust of cars

29
Q

What do catalytic converters do to activation energy?

What are the equations of the reactions that occur in the catalytic converter?

A

Lower it

Hydrocarbon + O2 > CO2 + H2O
NO > N2 + O2
NO + CO > N2 + CO2

30
Q

What is the overall reaction between methane and chlorine?

A

CH4 + Cl2 > CH3Cl + HCl

uv

31
Q

What happens during initiation?

A

Cl2 > 2Cl .
uv

uv provides energy needed to break Cl bonds
Free radicals produced

32
Q

What happens during propagation?

A

Free radicals get used up in chain reactions

33
Q

What happens during termination?

A

Free radicals collide to produce molecule with a covalent bond
Terminates chain reaction

34
Q

Why do chlorine radicals not react during termination?

A

UV would cause initiation again

35
Q

Why is the production of chloromethane not efficient under free radical substitution?

A

Many liquid compounds formed
Low yield
Requires fractional distillation

36
Q

How do you increase yield of chloromethane in free radical substitution?

Why?

How you increase substitution?

A

Excess methane

Less chlorine radicals collide with CH3Cl to remove a H to form HCl

Excess halogen (chlorine)

Chemistry (12 decks)

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