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Chem P2 > Organic Chem > Flashcards

Organic Chem Flashcards

1
Q

Methanol formula and diagram

A

C H3 OH

      H
      | H —- C —-OH
      |
      H
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2
Q

Ethanol formula and diagram

A

C2 H5 OH

      H.      H
      |        | H —- C —- C —OH
      |        |
      H.      H
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3
Q

Propanol formula and diagram

A

C3 H7 OH

      H.      H      H
      |        |.     | H —- C —- C — C — OH
      |        |.     |
      H.      H.     H
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4
Q

Butano formula and diagram

A

C4 H9 OH

      H.      H      H      H
      |        |.     |       | H —- C —- C — C — C —- OH
      |        |.     |      |
      H.      H.     H     H
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5
Q

Isomer

A

Nicely led that have same molecular formula but different structural formulas, this men’s Ethel are made of the same atoms but the atoms are arranged differently

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6
Q

Allanes are a homologous series containing

A

Only carbon and hydrogen
Only single bonds

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7
Q

Definition of a homologous series

A

Group of molecules/ compounds
Similar chemical properties
Same functional group / same general formula

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8
Q

General formula for alkanes

A

Cn H2n + 2

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9
Q

Complete combustion equation

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen =
carbon dioxide + water

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10
Q

What do properties of hydrocarbon depend on

A

Length of alkanes
Shortest = lowest boiling point, most volatile and flammable = great fuels

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11
Q

What is crude oil

A

Mixture of compounds , fossil fuels of remains of ancient biomass

Most compounds are hydrocarbons- alkanes

Finite resource- can’t be replaced as is used up

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12
Q

Describe the combustion of hydrocarbons

A
  • Exothermic reaction occurring when hydrocarbons are reacted with oxygen.
    Complete combustion produces carbon dioxide and water (carbon and hydrogen atoms are completely oxidised).
  • Incomplete combustion produces carbon or carbon monoxide and water.
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13
Q

Describe the physical properties of alkanes

A

First few in series are gases, then change to liquids, then to solids.
- boiling points and viscosity increase as molecules get bigger.
- Volatility and flammability decrease as molecules get bigger.
- Poor reactivity.

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14
Q

Explain how fractional distillation of crude oil takes place

A
  • Crude oil is heated and vaporised.
  • Vapor rises up the fractionating column (tower).
  • The column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top.
  • Hydrocarbons cool as they go up the column and condense at different heights, as they have different boiling points.
    Large molecules, high boiling points - collected at the bottom.
    Small molecules, low boiling points - collected at the top.
  • This gives fractions, which can be used in various ways.
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15
Q

What is cracking

A

Large hydrocarbons thermally broken down into smaller and more useful molecules

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16
Q

What are the conditions for cracking?

A

Reactant heated to vapor, passed over a hot catalyst (catalytic cracking) or heated to vapor, mixed with steam and heated to high temperatures (steam cracking)

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17
Q

How are the products of cracking used

A

Products are alkanes and alkenes
- used as polymers and starting materials for synthesis

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18
Q

What is the test for Alkenes

A

Add bromine water. Colour change occurs from orange to colourless

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19
Q

Describe combustion of alkenes

A

Burn with smoky flames due to incomplete combustion

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20
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Crude oil is a mixture of compounds; a fossil fuel consisting of the remains of ancient biomass.
Finite resource - cannot be replaced as it is used up.

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21
Q

Describe the physical properties of alkanes

A

First few in series are gases, then change to liquids, then to solids.
In general, boiling points and viscosity increase as molecules get bigger.
- Volatility and flammability decrease as molecules get bigger.
Poor reactivity.

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22
Q

Describe addition reactions of alkenes
Addition atoms across the carbon-carbon double bond so that the double bond becomes a single carbon-carbon bond.

A

a) With hydrogen - hydrogenation; requires a higher temperature and a nickel catalyst
b) With steam - hydration; requires high temperature, pressure, and concentrated phosphoric acid (H PO,) as a catalyst
c) With Br/CI/1, - addition of halogens

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23
Q

What is an alcohol?

A

An organic compound that contains an -OH functional group

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24
Q

State characteristics of methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol
Dissolve in water to form a neutral solution.

A
  • React with sodium to form hydrogen.
    Burn in oxygen.
    React with carboxylic acids in presence of acid catalyst to form esters.
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25
Q

Oxidation of the alcohols leads to…?

A

Carboxylic acids

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26
Q

What are some uses of alcohols?

A
  • Fuels
  • Solvents
    Drinks
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27
Q

State the conditions required for fermentation of glucose and state the equation of the reaction

A

30 degrees Celsius, aqueous solution of the glucose, absence of air, yeast added;

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28
Q

What are carboxylic acids?

A

Organic compounds that contain a COOH functional group

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29
Q

State characteristics of carboxylic acids

A

-Dissolve in water to form an acidic solution (contains H* ions)
-React with metal carbonates to form carbon dioxide
-React with alcohols with an acid catalyst to produce esters
- React with metals to give off hydrogen gas

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30
Q

What type of acid is carboxylic acid?

A

It is a weak acid.

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31
Q

Explain why carboxylic acids are weak acids?

A

They are partially ionised in water, thus the pH of a carboxylic acid in solution is not as low as a solution of a strong acid of the same concentration

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32
Q

What is an ester and how is it formed?

A

An organic compound containing a -COO- functional group, formed from carboxylic acid and alcohol in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst.
They have a fruity smell.

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33
Q

What is a polymer? How do molecules containing
C=C bond form polymers?

A

A polymer is a long chain molecule which is made by lots of smaller molecules joining together.
C=C bonds open up and many smaller molecules (monomers) join together to form a chain (a polymer). No other products are made.
It is called an “addition polymerisation” reaction.

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34
Q

Give 3 examples of addition polymers and their uses.

A

Polvethene - plastic bags
(Poly)tetrafluoroethene (PTFE) - teflon surfaces, for use in non-stick kitchenware
(Poly)chloroethene (polyvinylchloride, PVC) - water pipes

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35
Q

What is a repeating unit of a polymer?

A

It is a smallest structure which, upon numerous translations, yields the structure of the polymer.
In addition polymers: to draw it, take a monomer, change C=C to C-C and show additional single bonds extending away from these carbons.

36
Q

What is a condensation polymer?

A

It is a polymer made in condensation polymerisation.
In this reaction, many molecules join together; the polymer is formed, but also a small molecule is released, e.g. H,O, HCI.
Polyesters, e.g. terylene.
Polyamides, e.g. Nylon.

37
Q

What is an amide bond?

A

An amide bond is similar to the ester bond, with O replaced by N, e.g.
(C=0)-NH2
Just like an ester, it contains the C=0 group.

38
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

It is an organic compound that contains both a carboxylic acid functionality
(COOH) and an amine functional group (-NH,).

39
Q

How do amino acids make proteins? What are polypeptides?

A

By numerous condensation polymerisation reactions; proteins are polymers made of amino acids (monomers).
*Polypeptides are also made by condensation polymerisation of amino acids, but are shorter than proteins. One could think about proteins as a product of many polypeptide chains bonded together.

40
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

They are organic molecules made of C,H, and O. They are biologically relevant, e.g. starch and cellulose.
Both of these are polymers made of glucose (other carbohydrate) monomers.
Their structures differ in the way the glucose molecules are joined together.

41
Q

What is DNA? Describe its role and structure.

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a material that makes up chromosomes - cell structures that store genetic information.
DNA is made of two polymer chains that are held together in a double helix.
Each polymer chain can be made from 4 different monomers - nucleotides.

42
Q

As the chain length (number of carbon atoms) of alkanes increases, they become:

A

more viscous
less volatile
les flammable

43
Q

increasing the chain length (number of carbons) of alkanes leads to

A

higher melting point
higher boiling point

44
Q

During a combustion reaction, are carbon and hydrogen oxidised or reduced?

A

Oxidised

45
Q

feedstock

A

feedstock is a raw material used to provide reactants for an industrial reaction.

46
Q

petrochemical

A

A petrochemical is a substance made from crude oil, via chemical reactions.

47
Q

Catalytic cracking

A

First, some long chain alkanes are heated until they vaporise into a gas
Then they’re passed over a hot, powdered aluminium oxide catalyst
This breaks the long chain alkanes into a small chain alkane and an alkene

48
Q

how’s steam cracking different

A

Steam cracking is different because there is no catalyst involved. Instead the vaporised long chain alkane is mixed with steam at very high temperatures.

49
Q

the presence of the double bond between two carbon atoms is

A

the presence of the double bond between two carbon atoms is to say that alkenes are ‘unsaturated’.

50
Q

what do alkene and hydrogen produce

A

Reacting an alkene with hydrogen gas, and a catalyst, will produce an alkane.

51
Q

what do alkene and water produce

A

an alcohol

52
Q

what do alkene and halogen produce

A

Reacting an alkene with a halogen will produce a halogenoalkane.

53
Q

alcohol general formula

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

54
Q

alcohols

A

flammable - can undergo complete combustion

homologous series-soluble - can dissolve in water - solution will have a neutral pH

alcohols can also be oxidised to form carboxylic acids

55
Q

three main uses of ethanol;

A

As a chemical feedstock to produce other organic compounds.
As a biofuel (ethanol can be burned like petrol).
Used in alcoholics drinks such as beer, wine, and spirits.

56
Q

how ethanol is produced by reacting ethene and steam

A

addition reaction - water molecule added to ethene
high temp - 300
high pressure - 60/70
phosphoric acid catalyst

57
Q

adv / disadvantages of ethanol produced by reacting ethene and steam

A

Advantages: Ethene is cheap and the reaction itself is cheap and efficient.
Disadvantages: Ethene is made from crude oil which is a non-renewable resource, so if it starts to run out it will become expensive.

58
Q

fermentation

A

fermentation is the anaerobic respiration of sugars by yeast cells to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.

59
Q

fermentation conditions

A

carried out in fermentation tanks

requires yeast cells - naturally occurring enzymes to catalyse reaction

temp of 30-40

anareobi conditions so ethanol isn’t oxidised

60
Q

adv/ disadvantage of fermentation

A

Advantages: The sugar/glucose used is a renewable resource so can’t run out. Yeast are easy to grow.
Disadvantages: The process can be relatively slow. The ethanol produced isn’t pure so must be distilled by fractional distillation.

61
Q

fermentation equation

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

C6 H12 0 2 -> CH3 CH2 OH + C02

62
Q

ethene and steam equation

A

ethene+ steam - > ethanol
C2 H4 + H20 -> C2H50H

63
Q

Is ethene a renewable or non-renewable resource?

A

Ethene is made from crude oil so is a non-renewable resource.

64
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

Carboxylic acids are a homologous series. They are basically alkane chains with a COOH group on the end

65
Q

Carboxylic acids partially dissociate in water to form …

A

a negative ion and a hydrogen ion.

The negative ion has a name ending with ‘anoate ion’.

66
Q

Butanoic acid will ionise into…

A

a butanoate ion and a hydrogen ion.

67
Q

All carboxylic acids are … acids

A

weak acids. Weak acids do not fully ionise in water. This means that acids don’t release all their ions.

68
Q

esters

A

sweet or fruity
volatile evaporate easily

69
Q

how to make an ester

A

carboxylic acid and alcohol with acid catalyst

70
Q

what happens in ester reaction

A

OH of carboxylic acid and H of alcohol form water molecule

71
Q

ester example

A

Ethanoic acid + ethanol ➔ Ethyl ethanoate

72
Q

Condensation polymers can be made by joining together

These monomers are joined together by

A

Condensation polymers can be made by joining together dicarboxylic acid monomers and diol monomers. These monomers are joined together by ester links.

73
Q

what is a dimer?

A

Two monomers combined

74
Q

Why are condensation polymers biodegradable?

A

Ester links can be broken down by microorganisms

75
Q

Why do we want fractions for

A

Processed to produce fuels and feedstock for petrochemical industry

76
Q

Examples form petrochemical industry

A

Solvents lubricants
Polymers detergents

77
Q

Why is cracking useful

A

High demand for fuels with small molecules so products of cracking are useful as fuels

78
Q

How modern life depends on uses of hydrocarbons

A

Used as fuels - petrol
Solvents
Lubricants
Polymers and starting materials for production of other chemicals

79
Q

Alcohol reactions with

Sodium
Air
Water
Oxidising agent

A

Sodium = hydrogen

Air = carbon dioxide and water

Water = neutral pH solution

Oxidising agent = carboxlyic acid

80
Q

Carboxlyic acid reactions with

Carbonates

Dissolve in water

React with alcohols

A

Carbonates = salt, water, carbon dioxide

Dissolve in water = H+ ions

Recat with alcohols = ester

81
Q

Why are carboxlyic acids weak acids

A

Only partially ionise in water reales only some of their hydrogen ions

82
Q

Condensation polymers

A

Monomers with two functional groups react and join together
Usually lose small molecules like water so called condensation reactions

83
Q

How are simplest polymers produced

A

2 different monomers with two of the same functional groups on each monomer

84
Q

Amino acids react by …. To produce ….

A

Polymerisation

Polypeptides

85
Q

Naturally occurring polymers important for life

A

Proteins
Starch
Cellulose

86
Q

Butanol can be produced from sugar solution by adding bacteria.
Sugar solution is broken down in similar ways by bacteria and by yeast.
Suggest the reaction conditi

A

warm
anaerobic

87
Q

Wine contains ethanol.
A bottle of wine was left open in air.
After a few days, the wine tasted of vinegar. Vinegar is a solution of ethanoic acid in water.
Explain how oxidation causes the wine to taste of vinegar after a few days.

A

air contains oxygen which oxidises ethanol
allow ethanol reacted with oxygen
to produce ethanoic acid

Chem P2 (5 decks)

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