Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

chemistry IGCSE > organic chemistry > Flashcards

organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Organic compound:

A

a substance consisting of carbon and one other element joined together by covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functional group:

A

atom or group of atoms in an organic compound that determine the chemical properties of the compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

All alcohol’s contain…

A

an OH group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

All carboxylic acids contain…

A

a COOH group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do compounds that contain similar functional group have and where do they belong?

A

they have similar chemical properties and belong to a family called a homologous series

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Alkenes:

A

an organic compound containing one or more C=C double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Alkanes:

A

an organic compound containing only single C-C and C-H bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Saturated compound:

A

contains only C-C single bonds (alkanes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Unsaturated compound:

A

contains one or more C=C double bonds between carbon atoms (alkenes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

alkanes general formula

A

CnH2n+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

alkenes general formula

A

CnH2n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

alcohols general formula

A

CnH2n+1OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

carboxylic acids general formula

A

CnH2n+1COOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

methane molecular formula

A

CH4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ethane molecular formula

A

C2H6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ethene molecular formula

A

C2H4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ethanol molecular formula

A

C2H5OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ethanoic acid

A

CH3COOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

reaction of alkanes and chlorine

A
  • Alkanes react with chlorine to form chloroalkanes - in these reactions, one hydrogen atom is replaced by one chlorine atom
    • For example, the reaction of methane with chlorine:
      • methane + chlorine → chloromethane + hydrogen chloride
        Chloromethane consists of:
        • 1 carbon atom
        • 1 chlorine atom
        • 3 hydrogen atoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

alkenes and bromine

A
  • Alkenes react with bromine to produce dibromoalkanes
  • In these reactions, two bromine atoms are added to the molecule, one to each carbon atom involved in the C=C bond
    • For example, ethene reacts with bromine:
    • ethene + bromine → dibromoethane
  • The double bond breaks, and a bromine atom becomes attached to each carbon
  • The bromine loses its original red-brown color to give a colorless liquid.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

esters

A
  • Alcohols react with carboxylic acids to produce esters and water
    • For example, ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol:
      • ethanol + ethanoic acid → ethyl ethanoate + water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

meth

A

1

23
Q

eth

A

2

24
Q

prop

A

3

25
Q

but

A

4

26
Q

3 main types of fuels

A
  • Coal
    • Natural gas
    • Petroleum
27
Q

coal

A
  • Cheapest
  • Most widely used fuel
  • Easily mined
28
Q

natural gas

A
  • Used at home for cooking, industrially in generating electricity and in vehicles when liquefied
29
Q

petroleum

A
  • Generic name to describe crude oil
  • Extracted by drilling underground
30
Q

fractional distillation

A
  • chemical process that describes heating and separating substances by distillation into more useful products (or factions) based on their boiling points
  • Used in the refining of crude oil
  • The shorter the chain length of a hydrocarbon, the lower the boiling point
31
Q

gasoline properties and use

A

Number of carbon atoms: 5–6
Boiling point / °C: 40–100 very volatile –evaporates very easily very low viscosity– flows very easily
used in cars

32
Q

kerosene properties and use

A

number of carbon atoms:10–15 Boiling point / °C:175–325
volatile –evaporates easily low viscosity –liquid that flows
used as jet fuel

33
Q

lubricating oil properties and use

A

number of carbon atoms: 25–40 Boiling point / °C:300–350
low volatility –does not evaporate high viscosity –thick liquid that flows slowly
used for engines and waxes

34
Q

bitumen properties and use

A

number of carbon atoms:40+
Boiling point / °C: 500+
very low volatility – does not evaporate at all
high viscosity –flows extremely slowly
used for road surfaces

35
Q

as the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon increases;

A
  • the boiling point increases
    • the viscosity increases
    • the volatility (how easily it vaporizes)decreases
36
Q

cracking

A

chemical process that breaks down larger alkane molecules to produce smaller alkane and alkene molecules
- Hydrogen produced in this reaction
- Needs high temperatures (about 500 degrees) and a catalyst

37
Q

reasons for cracking

A
  • Fractions that contain smaller alkanes are more useful as fuels than fractions that contain larger alkanes as they flow more easily and are easier to ignite
  • Fractional distillation alone can’t cover demand
  • Cracking also produces alkenes which are used in the manufacture of polymers (plastics)
38
Q

how can you test for unsaturated compounds?

A

using bromine water: if the solution goes clear alkenes are present

39
Q

addition reactions

A
  • The chemical reaction when a double bond is broken in an alkene resulting in the addition of atoms to the molecule
  • Only one product forms in addition reactions
40
Q

addition reaction with bromine

A

ethene + bromine –> dibromoethane

41
Q

addition reaction with hydrogen (or hydrogenation)

A
  • Occurs at a temperature of approximately 200°C in the presence of a nickel catalyst
    ethene+ hydrogen –> ethane
42
Q

addition reaction with steam

A
  • Occurs when ethene is heated to 300 °C in the presence of phosphoric acid which acts as a catalyst
    ethene + water –> ethanol
43
Q

manufature of ethanol

A
  • Fermentation
    • Involves the breakdown of glucose
  • Catalytic addition of steam to ethene
    • Addition reaction between water and ethene
44
Q

ethanol properties

A
  • Liquid at room temperature
  • Boiling point of 78 °C
  • Volatile
  • Highly flammable
  • Other substances dissolve easily in ethanol
45
Q

ethanol uses

A
  • Used as a solvent for cosmetics and perfumes
  • As a fuel
46
Q

ethanoic acid +metal

A
  • acid + metal → salt + hydrogen
    • Reaction mixture clear and colorless
47
Q

ethanoic acid + base

A
  • acid + base → salt + water
    • Reaction mixture clear and colorless. No bubbles seen
48
Q

ethanoic acid + carbonates

A
  • acid + carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide
    • bubbles of carbon dioxide gas seen
49
Q

Methods to produce ethanoic acid:

A
  • Using acid fermentation:
    • Bacteria contain enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid
  • Using acidified potassium manganate(VII)
    • Strong oxidizing agent
    • Used in the presence of sulfuric acid and heat to produce ethanoic acid
50
Q

polymers

A
  • Polymers are made from large molecules
  • These large molecules are made from monomers (smaller molecules)
  • Addition polymerization:
    • Many ethene molecules react together joining ends to make poly(ethene) molecules
    • No other products are formed
51
Q

condensation reaction

A

two smaller molecules join to produce a larger molecule and a smaller molecule such as water

52
Q

polyamides

A
  • Condensation polymers
  • Made from dicarboxylic acid (which contains two COOH groups) and diamine (which contains two NH2 groups)
  • Such as nylon
53
Q

polyesters

A
  • Condensation polymers
  • Such as PET
  • Made from dicarboxylic acid and diol (which contains two OH groups)
54
Q

ester link

A

chemical bond in a polyester, comprising of a C=O bond and a C-O bond

chemistry IGCSE (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions