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organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

how is crude oil formed

A

millions of years
high pressure
dead organisms
fossils

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2
Q

what type of resource is crude oil

A

finite

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3
Q

what is crude oil made up of

A

hydrocarbons

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4
Q

the larger the hydrocarbon…? (3)

A

less flammable
higher the boiling point
more viscous

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5
Q

formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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6
Q

what is needed for an alkane

A

carbon linked to 4 other hydrogens

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7
Q

first 5 alkanes

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane

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8
Q

what is fractional distillation

A

The separation of crude oil

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9
Q

how does fractional distillation work (2)

A
  1. crude oil heated until evaporation
  2. vapour moves up the column
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10
Q

where do shorter hydrocarbons go in fractional distillation

A

The top of the column ( cooler part )

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11
Q

where do longer hydrocarbons go in fractional distillation

A

The bottom of the column ( hottest part)

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12
Q

what is the acronym for fractional distillation

A

REBECCAS
PILL
is
NEEDED
as
KARL
DOES
REBECCA

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13
Q

feuls mostly contain carbon and hydrogen. what other substance is sometimes present and what does it lead to when combustion occurs

A

sulphur

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14
Q

whats complete combustion

A

Sufficient oxygen

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15
Q

whats incomplete combustion

A

Not sufficient oxygen

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16
Q

what does incomplete combustion create

A

Carbon
water
carbon monoxide

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17
Q

whats 3 properties of carbon monoxide

A

Colourless
Toxic
Odourless

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18
Q

what are the 2 dangers of burning fuel

A
  • Feul burns in cars at high temps, leading to nitrogen in the air to react with oxygen. These can form respiratory problems
  • When incomplete combustion occurs solid particles (carbon) can. cause global dimming
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19
Q

whats cracking

A

long hydrocarbons are broken down into a smaller alkane and an alkene

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20
Q

what are the 2 types of cracking

A
  • steam cracking
  • catalytic cracking
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21
Q

what are the 3 steps of catalytic cracking

A
  1. hydrocarbons heating until they vaporise
  2. vapour is passed over a hot catalyst
  3. thermal decomposition occurs leaving a shorter alkane and an alkene
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22
Q

what are the 2 steps of steam cracking

A
  1. long chain hydrocarbon heated to a gas
  2. this is mixed with steam to a high temp
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23
Q

why does cracking occur (2)

A
  • short chain hydrocarbons have a smaller boiling point and are more flammable and are useful in fuel
  • alkenes are used for alcohol and polymers
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24
Q

what type of bonds can alkenes form

A

single and double bonds

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25
Q

as alkenes always have a double bond what are they

A

unsaturated

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26
Q

whats the general formula of alkenes

A

CnH2n

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27
Q

what are the first 5 alkenes

A

methene
ethene
propene
butene
pentene

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28
Q

what type of combustion do alkenes produce

A

incomplete combustion

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29
Q

what are 2 reactions of alkenes

A
  • adding hydrogen to produce an alkane
  • reacting with steam to produce an alcohol
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30
Q

whats the alkene test called

A

Bromine water test

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31
Q

what are more reactive, alkenes or alkanes?

A

alkenes

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32
Q

what happens when alkenes react with bromene water

A

Turns the water colourless

33
Q

what happens when alkanes react with bromene water

A

Water stays orange

34
Q

when ethene reacts with bromene water what is produced

A

dibromoethane

35
Q

how can ethanol be produced

A

fermentation of sugar

36
Q

wha happens during fermentation (word equation)

A

sugar –> ethanol + carbon dioxide

37
Q

whats the ideal temp for fermentation

A

25-50 degrees

38
Q

what happens when the temp is too low when fermentation occurs

A

yeast becomes inactive

39
Q

what happens when the temp is too high when fermentation occurs

A

yeast denatures

40
Q

what are alcohols

A

carbon based molecules

41
Q

whats the functional group of alcohols

A
  • OH
42
Q

ethanol formula

A

CH3CH20H

43
Q

what 2 things contain alcohol

A
  • alcoholic drinks
  • vinegar
44
Q

what happens when alcohol is in water

A

it dissolves

45
Q

what happens when alcohol reacts with sodium

A

hydrogen

46
Q

what happens when alcohol is burnt in air

A

carbon dioxide

47
Q

what is alcohol used for

A

in feuls and solvents

48
Q

what are esters

A

carboxylic acid and alcohols

49
Q

what is the name of the ester from ethanol and ethanoic acid

A

ethyl ethanoate

50
Q

whats carboxylic acid

A

organic compound

51
Q

whats the functional group of carboxylic acid

A

-COOH

52
Q

what happens when carboxylic acid is dissolved in water

A

creates an acidic solution

53
Q

what happens when carboxylic acid reacts with carbonates

A

forms carbon dioxide

54
Q

does carboxylic fully ionise in water

A

no

55
Q

what are the 2 functional groups of amino acids

A
  • COOH
    -NH2
56
Q

amino acids join together to form polymers called…

A

Proteins

57
Q

what is DNA made from

A

2 polymer chains made up of 4 different nucleotides

58
Q

what does DNA do

A

stores abd transmits instructions for development

59
Q

what is starch and cellulose

A

polymers of sugar

60
Q

what is starch and cellulose made by

A

plants

61
Q

how are polymers made

A

monomers joining together

62
Q

what is the atom economy of addition polymerisation

A

100%

63
Q

whats the general formula of addition polymerisation

A

( H H )
( I I )
( – C C – )
( I I )
( H H ) n

64
Q

what do the properties of the polymers depend on

A
  • what its made from (monomers uses)
  • The conditions (temp and catalysts)
65
Q

whats an example of a thermosoftening polymer

A

polythene

66
Q

whats an example of a thermosetting polymer

A

melamine

67
Q

whats the layout of a thermosoftening polymer

A

tangled chains

68
Q

what are the forces in a thermosoftening polymer

A

weak intermolecular forces

69
Q

what happens under heat to a thermosoftening polymer

A

melts

70
Q

whats the layout of a thermosetting polymer

A

joined by cross links

71
Q

what are the forces in a thermosetting polymer

A

strong covalent forces

72
Q

what happens under heat to a thermosetting polymer

A

no change

73
Q

whats condensation polymerisation

A

2 monomer molecules with different functional groups joined together to make a large polymer and a small molecule

74
Q

what 2 monomers and there functional groups are used in simple condensation polymerisation

A

diols - 2 OH
dicarboxylic acid - 2 COOH and 2

75
Q

amino acids join together by…

A

condensation polymerisation

76
Q

what do amino acids create in water when joined together

A

polypeptides

77
Q

what are poly peptides

A

peptide links

78
Q

what are peptide links

A

bond between carboxyl and amino acid group

chemistry (5 decks)

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