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chemistry > organic chemistry (paper 2) > Flashcards

organic chemistry (paper 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

a compound made of hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

what is crude oil

A

a mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons
it is a finite resource

made from the remains of ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud

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3
Q

what are ALKANES

A

hydrocarbon

functional group - single bond

they are saturated

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4
Q

general formula for ALKANES

A

CnH2n + 2

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5
Q

what are ALKENES

A

hydrocarbon - carbon and hydrogen only

functional group - must contain at least one carbon to carbon double bond

they are unsaturated

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6
Q

general formula for ALKENES

A

CnH2n

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7
Q

differences between alkanes and alkenes

A

a compound consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

alkenes have double bonds, alkanes dont

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8
Q

what type of reaction is cracking

A

chemical reaction

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9
Q

what happens during the process of cracking

A

a long hydrocarbon is heated to vaporise and passed over a catalyst or mixed with steam

the long hydrocarbon breaks down into a shorter alkane and an alkene

the shorter alkane has a higher boiling point so condenses into a liquid

the alkene has a lower boiling point and is collected as a gas

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10
Q

what is the test for alkanes and alkenes

A

we use bromine water which is an orange liquid

alkanes decolourise in the bromine water and it changes colour from orange to colourless

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11
Q

what is fractional distillation

A

this process is not a chemical reaction

we separate crude oil to make more useful smaller substances that we use as fuels

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12
Q

what is the process of fractional distillation

A

the crude oil is heated to vapourise it

the tower is hot at the bottom and cooler at the top

the gases move up the tower

they cool down and condense at different levels in the tower

this is because each fraction has a different boiling point

the smaller hydrocarbons come out at the top and the larger hydrocarbons come out at the bottom

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13
Q

what is volatility

A

the tendency to turn into a gas

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14
Q

what is viscosity

A

how easy something flows e.g. if something is very viscous it is very thick, something that isn’t viscous is runny

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15
Q

what are the properties of short chain molecules

A

low boiling point

high volatility

low viscosity

high flammability

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16
Q

what are the properties of long chain molecules

A

high boiling point

low volatility

high viscosity

low flammability

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17
Q

what is combustion and what type of reaction is it

A

combustion is when a fuel burns with oxgyen

it is an oxidation reaction

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18
Q

what is complete combustion

A

when a fuel burns with unlimited oxgyen (blue flame)

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19
Q

what does complete combustion make

A

carbon dioxide and water

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20
Q

what type of reaction is complete combustion

A

exothermic - energy is released

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21
Q

what is the equation for complete combustion

A

CH4 + 2O2 —> CO2 + 2H2O

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22
Q

what is incomplete combustion

A

when fuel burns with limited oxgyen (yellow flame)

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23
Q

what does incomplete combustion make

A

carbon monoxide , carbon and water

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24
Q

what type of reaction is incomplete combustion

A

exothermic - energy is released - less than complete combustion

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25
Q

when is carbon dioxide made and what is its consequences

A

complete combustion

global warming

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26
Q

when is water made and what are its consequences

A

both complete and incomplete combustion

no consequences

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27
Q

when is carbon monoxide made and what are its consequences

A

incomplete combustion

poisonous to humans

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28
Q

when is carbon (particulates) made and what are its consequences

A

incomplete combustion

global dimming

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29
Q

when is sulphur dioxide made and what are its consequences

A

fuels contain sulphur and react with oxgyen

acid rain / asthma

30
Q

when is nitrogen oxides produced and what are there consequences

A

nitrogen and oxgyen from the air react due to high temperature

acid rain

31
Q

what are small molecules called

A

monomers

32
Q

what are huge molecules called

A

polymers

33
Q

how do the monomers join together to form a polymer

A

the double bond breaks to form single carbon to carbon bonds

these bond together to form a long chain

34
Q

how top write a polymerisation equation

A

draw the alkene with a lower case n infront of it

draw an arrow

draw part of the polymer with the square brackets around it and the arms sticking out of the brackets

put a lower case n to the bottom right hand side of the brackets

35
Q

what is the polymer of ethene and what is its function

A

poly(ethene)

plastic bags

36
Q

what is the polymer of propene and what is its function

A

poly(propene)

rope, carpets

37
Q

what is the polymer of styrene and what is its function

A

poly(styrene)

cups, packaging

38
Q

polymer of vinyl acetate

A

poly(vinyl acetate)

PVA glue

39
Q

polymer of vinyl chlorate

A

poly(vinyl chlorate)

double glazed doors and windows

40
Q

how do alkenes react with oxgyen

A

burn with a smokier yellow flame (compared to alkanes)

incomplete combustion

release less energy per mole in combustion than alkanes

41
Q

equation for alkenes reaction with oxgyen

A

2C2H4 + 3O2 –> 2CO + 2C + 4H2O

42
Q

how do alkenes react with hydrogen

A

alkenes are unsaturated so we can add more hydrogen to make them saturated

hydrogenation (adding hydrogen)

add a hydrogen molecule across the carbon to carbon double bond

conditions of 60 degrees Celsius are needed and a nickel catalyst

43
Q

what happens when you add hydrogen to alkenes

A

adding hydrogen straightens out the molecules which increases their melting point because it increases the strength of the intermolecular forces

44
Q

equation for alkenes reactions with halogens

A

C2H4 + Br2 –> C2H4Br2

45
Q

what conditions are needed for alkenes and steam reacting together

A

high temperature

a catalyst (phosphoric acid)

46
Q

uses of alcohols

A

fuel

drinking

solvent

perfume

antiseptic

47
Q

what is the functional group of an alcohol

A

OH

48
Q

how do you draw an alcohol

A

draw the alkane first and then remove one hydrogen and add an OH group

49
Q

how is ethanol produced via fermentation

A

1 - extract sugar (glucose from crops)

2 - add yeast to glucose (enzymes in yeast act as a catalyst)

3 - fermentation - 30 to 40 degrees celcius, carbon dioxide is released, is a batch process (stop and start)

50
Q

advantages of ethanol production via fermentation

A

sugar is found in plants so is a renewable resource

batch process - cheap equipment needed

more carbon neutral

51
Q

disadvantages of ethanol production via fermentation

A

very slow

very impure - need further processing - fractional distillation which takes a lot of time and money

bath process - high labour costs

uses land which could be used to grow food

52
Q

hydration of ethene process

A

extract crude oil from the ground

oil refinery - fractional distillation then cracking to get ethene

hydration (addition of steam)
- phosphoric acid catalyst
- high temperature and pressure
- continuous process

53
Q

advantages of the hydration of ethene process

A

fast reaction

pure product

95% yield

continuous (cheap manpower)

54
Q

disadvantages of the hydration of ethene process

A

high technology equipment needed - expensive initial costs

high energy costs for high pressure

ethene is non renewable

55
Q

what do alcohols produce when they burn

A

carbon dioxide and water

56
Q

what do alcohols create in water

A

they are soluable in water

they create a neutral solution (pH 7)

57
Q

alcohol + sodium

A

sodium ______ oxide + hydrogen

58
Q

alcohol + oxidising agent

A

carboxylic acid + water

59
Q

functional group of carboxylic acids

A

COOH

60
Q

what are carboxylic acids

A

they are weak acids e.g. ethanoic acid is vinegar

they react in the same way as acid you use in the lab and have the same properties

61
Q

examples of carboxylic acids

A

methanoic acid

ethanoic acid

propanoic acid

butanoic acid

pentanoic acid

62
Q

key facts about carboxylic acids

A

have a pH of 4 - 6 and would turn universal indicator yellow or orange

carboxylic acids react with alkali in a neutralisation ( exothermic )

63
Q

carboxylic acid + alkali

A

salt + water

64
Q

ionic equation for neutralisation

A

H+ + OH- –> H20

65
Q

acid + metal carbonate

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide

66
Q

what happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol

A

the H is removed from the carboxylic acid and the HO is removed from the alcohol the carboxylic acid and alcohol join together and then you write +H2O

67
Q

what has to join together to become polyester

A

alcohol and carboxylic monomers

68
Q

how do hydrocarbon properties change as the chain gets longer

A

the shorter the carbon chain , the more runny the hydrocarbon is - it is less viscous

the shorter the carbon chain, the more volatile the hydrocarbon is - the shorter it is the lower temperature at which that hydrocarbon vapourises and condenses - and the lower its boiling point

the shorter the carbon chain , the more flammable the hydrocarbon is

69
Q

what does cracking mean

A

splitting up long chain hydrocarbons

70
Q

alkene + oxygen

A

carbon + carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water

chemistry (11 decks)

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