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Chemistry Paper 2 > 2: Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

2: Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

The remains of plankton and other living material buried in mud millions of years ago.

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2
Q

Where is crude oil found today?

A

Rocks, and people have to drill underground to get it.

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3
Q

Is crude oil finite or infinite?

A

A finite resource, meaning it will eventually run out.

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4
Q

What is crude oil made up of?

A

A mixture of different hydrocarbons

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5
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound made only from carbon and hydrogen atoms.

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6
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

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7
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

C(n) H(2n+2)

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8
Q

What are the names of the first 4 alkanes?

A

Methane, ethane, propane and butane.

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9
Q

What are the hydrogen and carbon atoms connected by in alkanes?

A

Single covalent bonds.

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10
Q

What are the different groups of hydrocarbons called?

A

Fractions.

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11
Q

How are the different hydrocarbons separated in crude oil?

A

Fractional distillation.

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12
Q

What is the first step in fractional distillation?

A

Evaporate the crude oil by heating it. This causes most of the hydrocarbons to evaporate and rise up the fractional distillation column.

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13
Q

Do short hydrocarbons have lower or higher boiling points?

A

Lower. As a result, short hydrocarbons condense near the top of the fractional distillation column where it is cooler.

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14
Q

Do long hydrocarbons have higher or lower boiling points?

A

Higher. As a result, long hydrocarbons condense nearer the bottom of the column.

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15
Q

List some of the fuels that crude oil fractions are used as.

A

Petrol, diesel oil, kerosene, heavy fuel oil, liquified petroleum gas. Others are chemical products used in everyday life, such as solvents, lubricants, detergents and polymers.

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16
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Desaturated hydrocarbons. These are more reactive than alkanes.

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17
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A

Because of the presence of a double bond in alkenes.

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18
Q

What is the standard formula for alkenes?

A

C(n) H(2n)

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19
Q

What can alkenes be used for?

A

Making polymers and a range of other chemical products.

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20
Q

How do you test for alkenes?

A

Place bromine water into the container with the alkenes. Bromine water changes from orange to colourless.

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21
Q

Describe the properties of shorter hydrocarbons.

A

Lower boiling points, lower viscosity and high flammability.

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22
Q

Describe the properties of longer hydrocarbons.

A

They have higher boiling points, higher viscosity and low flammability.

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23
Q

What is the chemical term for burning?

A

Combustion.

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24
Q

What happens when hydrocarbons combust?

A

Energy is released. This makes them useful as fuels.

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25
Q

What are the products of complete combustion?

A

Carbon dioxide and water.

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26
Q

Show the word equation of complete combustion of a hydrocarbon.

A

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen -(heat)—> Carbon Dioxide + Water

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27
Q

What is the name of the process to break down longer hydrocarbons?

A

Cracking.

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28
Q

Why is cracking done?

A

To break longer hydrocarbons into smaller ones, and to meet the demand for fuel.

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29
Q

What are the two different methods of cracking?

A

Catalytic cracking and steam cracking.

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30
Q

What does catalytic cracking involve?

A

Passing the hydrocarbon over a hot catalyst at low pressure.

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31
Q

What does steam cracking involve?

A

Long hydrocarbons reacting with steam at high temperatures.

32
Q

What are the products of cracking?

A

A mixture of smaller alkanes and alkenes.

33
Q

What type of reaction is it when alkenes react with other reactants?

A

An addition reaction

34
Q

What happens to the carbon bond in alkenes during an addition reaction?

A

The double bond becomes a single bond to allow the two carbon atoms to make new bonds.

35
Q

What is the functional group for alkenes?

A

C=C (two Carbons with a double bond)

36
Q

Which ones are more likely to combust incompletely: alkenes or alkanes?

A

Alkenes.

37
Q

What causes incomplete combustion?

A

A lack of oxygen.

38
Q

Describe the flame produced when alkenes burn.

A

A smoky flame.

39
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion?

A

Carbon, carbon monoxide and water.

40
Q

What do alkenes react with to produce alcohol?

A

Water vapour. It needs a temperature of ~300° and a catalyst.

41
Q

What is the functional group of an alcohol?

A

-OH. All alcohols’ names end in “-ol”.

42
Q

What is released when alcohols react with sodium?

A

Hydrogen gas.

43
Q

What do alcohols release when they burn in air?

A

Energy, carbon dioxide and water. This means alcohols can be used as fuels.

44
Q

What happens when alcohols are added to water?

A

They dissolve to form a neutral solution.

45
Q

What do alcohols react with to form carboxylic acids?

A

Oxidising agents.

46
Q

What chemical is used to convert sugar into ethanol?

A

Yeast.

47
Q

What is the process whereby yeast converts molecules into ethanol?

A

Fermentation

48
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The process of converting sugar into ethanol using yeast.

49
Q

What kind of conditions does fermentation require?

A

Anaerobic conditions, and temperature should be ~30° Celsius

50
Q

What are the products of fermentation?

A

Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide.

51
Q

Describe the process of fermentation.

A

Mix sugar solution with yeast. Yeast converts sugar solution into a solution of ethanol.

52
Q

What are the advantages of using fermentation to produce ethanol?

A

-The low temperature means that the reaction requires little energy,
-The sugar from the reaction comes from plants, so therefore it is renewable.

53
Q

What is a disadvantage of fermentation to produce ethanol?

A

The product is an aqueous solution of ethanol. We then need to purify the ethanol by distillation, which requires energy.

54
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

55
Q

What do all carboxylic acids’ names end in?

A

“-oic acid”.

56
Q

What kind of series do the carboxylic acids form?

A

Homologous series

57
Q

What is produced when carboxylic acids react with metal carbonates?

A

A salt, water and carbon dioxide.

58
Q

What is formed when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?

A

They form weak acids. This is because they only partially ionise in water.

59
Q

What is formed when carboxylic acids react with alcohols?

A

Esters. Water is also formed, but this is a separate molecule. A condensation reaction.

60
Q

What is the ester functional group?

A

-COO-

61
Q

Describe two properties of esters.

A

-Insoluble in water
-Characteristic smells

62
Q

How are esters formed?

A

Condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

63
Q

What are polymers?

A

Long chain organic molecules.

64
Q

What are polymers formed from?

A

Many smaller molecules called monomers.

65
Q

What are the two types of polymerisation?

A

Addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation.

66
Q

What are the monomers like in addition polymerisation?

A

Small and unsaturated molecules. The monomers are all alkenes.

67
Q

What is produced during addition polymerisation?

A

Only the polymer. No other molecules.

68
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

The polymerisation involving monomers with two different functional groups.

69
Q

How are condensation polymers formed?

A

When monomers with functional groups at both ends react together.

70
Q

Why are condensation polymers called that?

A

Because small molecules such as water are also produced during the reaction.

71
Q

What are DNA molecules made of?

A

2 polymer chains coiled together in a double helix.

72
Q

What are the polymer chains in DNA made from?

A

4 different monomers called nucleotides

73
Q

What is deoxyribonucleic acid?

A

DNA, A natural polymer.

74
Q

What does DNA do?

A

Encodes the genetic information needed for living organisms and viruses to function.

75
Q

What monomers are starch and cellulose polymers formed from?

A

Glucose monomers. They are linked in a different way to give the two different polymers.

76
Q

Give the general name of the four different monomers which make up the structure of DNA.

A

Nucleotides.

Chemistry Paper 2 (6 decks)

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