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AP Biology > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major elements of life?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur

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2
Q

Why is the carbon atom so special and essential?

A

Carbon is tetracovalent

4 bonding points

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3
Q

How can variations in carbon skeletons affect the structure and function of organic molecules?

A
  • Changes length of carbon skeleton
  • Alters the number and location of double bonds
  • Changes the elements that carbon bonds with
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4
Q

What is a hydrocarbon chain?

A

A long chain of carbons binding with hydrogens

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5
Q

What type of bond is the C-H bond?

A

Non-polar covalent

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6
Q

What are some examples of hydrocarbons?

A
  • Fossil fuel components

- Are the framework for large organic macromolecules of life

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7
Q

What is an isomer?

A

molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures

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8
Q

What is a geometric isomer?

A
  • always occurs around double bonded carbons
  • cis if “R” element is on the same side of double bond
  • trans if on opposite side of double bond
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9
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A
  • Vary in covalent arrangement

- occurs if no double bonded or asymmetric carbons exist

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10
Q

What is an enantiomer?

A
  • can occur if there is an asymmetric carbon

- “mirror” images

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11
Q

What is a Hydroxyl group?

A
  • C-OH
  • Alcohols
  • Polar, water soluble, hydrophilic
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12
Q

What is a Carbonyl group?

A
  • Carbon double-bonded with oxygen
  • end of molecule (aldehyde)
  • within a molecule (ketone)
  • sugars
  • polar covalent, hydrophilic, water soluble
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13
Q

What is an organic molecule?

A

A molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen

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14
Q

What is a Carboxyl group?

A
  • COOH
  • carbon bonded to carbonyl and carboxyl
  • Acidic (carboxylic acids)
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15
Q

What is an Amino group?

A
  • C-NH2 or C-NH3
  • called amines
  • weak base
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16
Q

What is a Sulfhydryl group?

A
  • C-SH
  • called thiols
  • helps stabilize protein structure through disulfide bridges
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17
Q

What is a Phosphate group?

A
  • Phosphorous atom bonded single-bonded with three oxygens and double-bonded with one.
  • polar, water soluble
  • makes whatever molecule it is part of an anion
  • unstable
  • important for energy transfer and storage
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18
Q

What is a Methyl group?

A
  • CH3
  • Affects the expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA
  • Affects the shape and function of male/female sex hormones
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19
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A large molecule consisting of many smaller sub-units bounded together

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20
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A sub-unit of polymers

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21
Q

How do monomers form into polymers?

A

Condensation or dehydration synthesis. Monomers are covalently linked together through the removal of water

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22
Q

How are polymers broken down into monomers?

A

Hydrolysis, in which polymers are broken down into monomers by water

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23
Q

What are the four classes of organic molecules?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Lipids
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24
Q

What is a carbohydrate monomer called?

A

Monosaccharide

ex: glucose

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25
Q

What is a carbohydrate polymer called?

A

Polysaccharide

ex: glycogen

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26
Q

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

A

to store energy in chemical bonds

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27
Q

What is the most common carbohydrate?

A

glucose / produced by monosaccharide (single/simple sugar)

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28
Q

How is glucose produced?

A

By autotrophs

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29
Q

What is the significance of monosaccharides?

A

1) Aid in cellular respiration
2) carbon skeletons serve as raw materials to build other organic molecules
3) Leftover sugars are stored as polysaccharides (stored energy)

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30
Q

What are the trademarks of sugars?

A
  • Carbonyl group

- several hydroxyl groups

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31
Q

What is an alpha glucose?

A
  • hydroxyl group of C1 is in the downward orientation

- Used for energy storage

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32
Q

What is the structure of a monosaccharide?

A
  • OH group attached to each carbon except for one, which is double bonded to an oxygen
  • classified according to the size of their carbon chains
  • in aqueous solutions many monosaccharides form rings
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33
Q

What is the structure of a disaccharide?

A

Double sugar that consists of 2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

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34
Q

What reaction forms glycosidic linkage?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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35
Q

What are some examples of disaccharides?

A

Lactose - glucose + galactose
Sucrose - glucose + fructose
Maltose - glucose + glucose

36
Q

What is the structure of polysaccharides?

A

polymers of a few hundred or a few thousand monosaccharides

37
Q

What are the 4 types of polysaccharides?

A

1) starch
2) cellulose
3) glycogen
4) chitin

38
Q

What is starch?

A
  • 2 types:
    a) amylose (unbranched)
    b) amylopectin (branched)
  • alpha-glucose
  • plant energy storage
  • can be digested by humans
39
Q

what is cellulose?

A
  • beta-glucose
  • most abundant organic molecule on earth
  • provides structural material within cell walls of plants
40
Q

What is glycogen?

A
  • alpha-glucose

- energy for humans and animals

41
Q

What is chitin?

A
  • beta-glucose

- structural material in arthropod exoskeleton and fungi cell walls

42
Q

What are some examples of lipids?

A

Waxes, pigments, fats, phospholipids, steroids

43
Q

What is the structure of lipids?

A

Greasy or oily, nonpolar compounds

-hydrophobic (due to hydrocarbon chains)

44
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

1) Energy storage
2) Membrane structure
3) protecting against desiccation (drying out)
4) Insulation against cold
5) Absorbing shocks
6) Regulating cell activities by hormone actions

45
Q

What is the structure of fatty acids?

A
  • long chains of mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms with -COOH group at one end
  • when part of
46
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A
  • liquid at room temp
  • one or more double bonds between carbons in the fatty acid chain allows for “kinks” i. the tails
  • most plant and fish fats
    ex: olive oil
47
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A
  • solid at room temp
  • have only single bonds between carbons
  • most animal fats
    ex: butter
48
Q

What is the structure of a triglyceride?

A
  • Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

- 3 ester linkages are former between a hydroxyl group of the glycerol and a carboxyl group of the fatty acid.

49
Q

What are the functions of triglycerides?

A
  • Energy storage
  • cushioning
  • insulate to cold temps
50
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

-Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group

51
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

Main structural component of membranes where they arrange bilayers
-have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

52
Q

What are waxes?

A

Lipids that serve as coatings for plant parts and as animal coverings

53
Q

What is the structure of a steroid?

A

-Four carbon rings with no fatty acid tails (functional groups vary)

54
Q

What are the functions of steroids?

A
  • component of animal cell membranes

- modifies to form sex hormones

55
Q

What are some examples of steroids?

A

testosterone, estrogen, cholesterol

56
Q

What is the structure of proteins?

A
  • consist of peptide bonds between 20 possible amino acid monomers
  • have a 3-dimensional globular shape
57
Q

What is an enzyme?

A
  • ALL enzymes are proteins

- act as catalysts, which means they speed up reactions without being consumed

58
Q

What are some structural material proteins?

A
  • Keratin (protein found in hair and nails

- collagen (protein found in connective tissue)

59
Q

What are specific binding proteins?

A
  • ex: antibodies

- act as body’s defense against foreign substances

60
Q

What are transport proteins?

A

Proteins that move substances through the body

ex: blood proteins such as hemoglobin

61
Q

What are contraction proteins?

A

-actin and myosin fibers that interact in muscle tissue

62
Q

What are hormonal proteins?

A

Regulate sugar levels in blood, maintain homeostasis by sending out signals
ex: hormones such as insulin

63
Q

What are storage proteins?

A

Storage of amino acids; good source of protein in foods (milk, eggs, nuts, seeds)

64
Q

What is the structure of amino acid monomers?

A

-Consist of an asymmetric carbon covalently bonded go a hydrogen, amino group, carboxyl group, and a variable “R” group

65
Q

What are properties of amino acids?

A
  • grouped by polarity
  • polar=water soluble
  • non-polar=water insoluble
  • positively charged=basic
  • negatively charged=acidic
66
Q

What are polypeptides?

A
  • formed by multiple amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds
  • N-terminus (end of polypeptide contains amino group)
  • C-terminus (end of polypeptide contains carboxyl group)
  • R groups are referred to as side chains
67
Q

What is the primary structure?

A
  • Unique sequence of amino acids in a protein

- Determined by genes (DNA sequence)

68
Q

What is the secondary structure?

A
  • repeated folding of a protein polypeptide’s backbone
  • stabilized by Hydrogen bonds between peptide linkages in the protein’s backbone
  • alpha helix=coiling
  • beta helix= pleated/folded
69
Q

What is the tertiary structure?

A

-Irregular contortions of a protein due to bonding of r-groups

70
Q

What are the weak bonds found in the tertiary structure?

A
  • Hydrogen bonding between polar side chains
  • Ionic bonding between charged side
  • Hydrophobic and Van der Waals interactions
71
Q

What is the strong bond in the tertiary structure?

A

Disulfide bridges form strong covalent links

72
Q

What is the Quaternary structure?

A

Results from interactions among 2 or more polypeptides

ex: collagen and hemoglobin

73
Q

What three factors can determine/affect protein conformation?

A

-pH, temperature, and salinity

74
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Protein loses its native shape and structure due to a change in its environment

  • denatured protein is biologically inactive
  • can re-nature if primary structure is not lost
75
Q

What is a nucleic acid polymer called?

A

Polynucleotide

76
Q

What is a nucleic acid monomer called?

A

nucleotide

77
Q

What are the two kinds of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

78
Q

What is DNA?

A
  • double stranded (double helix)
  • sugar=deoxyribose
  • can self replicate
  • makes up genes which code for proteins
  • doesn’t leave the nucleus
79
Q

What is RNA?

A
  • single stranded
  • sugar=ribose
  • DNA-RNA-Proteins (protein synthesis) occurs in ribosomes
  • Functions in actual synthesis of proteins coded for by DNA
80
Q

What is a nucleotide comprised of?

A
  • 5 carbon sugar (Deoxyribose or ribose)
  • Phosphate group
  • Nitrogenous base
81
Q

What are the two types of nitrogen bases?

A

Purine and Pyrimidine

82
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A
  • smaller in structure than purines

- Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

83
Q

What are purines?

A

Guanine and adenine

84
Q

What bond links nucleotides together?

A

phosphodiester linkages that occur through dehydration synthesis

85
Q

What are Nitrogen bases between strands held together by?

A

Hydrogen bonds

86
Q

what is the function of nucleotides?

A
  • Monomers for nucleic acids
  • Transfer chemical energy form one molecule to another
    ex: ATP

AP Biology (1 decks)

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