Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry Paper 2 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A finite source found in porous rocks in the Earth’s crust. It is the remains of an ancient biomass consisting of most plankton that was buried in mud.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are most compounds in crude oil?

A

Hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules only made of carbon and hydrogen atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What affects the properties of hydrocarbons and how they can be used in fuels?

A

Their size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The larger the hydrocarbon:

A
  • More viscous it is
  • Higher it’s boiling point
  • Less volatile it is
  • Less easily it ignites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does fractional distillation do?

A

Separates crude oil into different factions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does each fraction in a fractionating column contain?

A

Hydrocarbon molecules with similar number of carbon atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are most hydrocarbons obtained by fractional distillation?

A

Alkanes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do the top and bottom of a fractionating column differ?

A

The top is cool (25 degrees) which means shorter hydrocarbons can reach the top.

The bottom is hot (400 degrees) which means longer hydrocarbons are collected lower down.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are carbon atoms linked to each other?

A

They are linked to 4 others by single bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the bonds in alkanes like?

A

They are single

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are alkanes often deceived as?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do alkanes burn?

A

They are fairly unreactive but burn well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the first four alkanes?

A

Monkeys - Methane
Eat - Ethane
Peanut - Propane
Butter - Butane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are most fuels compounds of?

A

Hydrogen and carbon. May also contain sulfur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

During the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels:

A
  • Both carbon and hydrogen are oxidised
  • Energy is released
  • Waste products are produced (released into the atmosphere)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens if combustion is not complete?

A

Carbon monoxide, unburnt fuels and solid particles containing soot may be released.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is carbon monoxide?

A

A colourless, odourless gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How can solid particles in the air (particulates) cause global dimming?

A

By reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earth’s surface and cause damage to people’s lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When fuels burn what happens as a result of high temperatures?

A

Nitrogen in the air can react with oxygen to form nitrogen oxides. These can cause respiratory problems and react with rain water to form acid rain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When can sulfur be removed from fuels?

A

Before burning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is cracking?

A

The process in which larger chain hydrocarbons can be broken down into shorter, more useful hydrocarbon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

During catalytic cracking:

A
  • Hydrocarbons are heated until they vaporise
  • Vapour it passed over a hot catalyst
  • Thermal decomposition reaction then takes place
  • Products include alkanes and alkenes
24
Q

What are hydrocarbons mixed with during steam cracking?

A

Steam and they are heated to a high temperature

25
Q

What are some products of cracking used as?

A

Fuel

26
Q

What sort of fuels are there a high demand for?

A

Fuels with short chains of carbon atoms because they are easy to ignite and have low boiling points.

27
Q

What can alkenes be used to make?

A

A range of new compounds including polymers and industrial alcohol.

28
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Hydrocarbons that have double bonds and are unsaturated.

29
Q

How do alkenes react?

A

They are more reactive than alkanes due to the c=c bonds.

30
Q

What is the combustion reaction of an alkene like?

A

Alkenes react with oxygen in combustion reactions. They tend to burn with smokier flames than alkanes due to incomplete combustion.

31
Q

What can be added to alkenes to produce alkanes?

A

Hydrogen which is an addition reaction.

32
Q

How can ethanol be produced?

A

By reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a catalyst (phosphoric acid)

33
Q

How do alkenes react with bromine water?

A

They react when shaken with bromine water, turning it from orange to colourless.

34
Q

How can reacting alkenes and alkanes with bromine water help to distinguish between them?

A

When an alkene reacts with bromine water it produces a colourless solution.

When an alkene reacts with bromine water it produces an orange/brown solution.

35
Q

What does ethene react with bromine to form?

A

Dibromoethane in an addition reaction.

36
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of organic compounds that react in a similar way

37
Q

What are the two types of cracking often used?

A

Catalytic and steam cracking

38
Q

How can aqueous solutions of sugar be produced?

A

By the fermentation of sugar (renewable resource)

39
Q

Which temperatures work best for the fermentation of sugar?

A

25-50 degrees

40
Q

What happens if the temperature is too low during fermentation?

A

Yeast become inactive and rate of reaction slows

41
Q

What happens if the temperature is too high during fermentation?

A

Yeast is denatured and the reaction stops

42
Q

What are alcohols?

A

Carbon based molecules that contain the functional group -OH

43
Q

What are the first four members of the homologous series of alcohols?

A

Methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol

44
Q

Alcohols:

  • Dissolve with water to form…
  • React with sodium to produce…
  • Burn in air to produce…
  • Are used as…
A

Neutral solutions
Hydrogen
Carbon dioxide and water
Solvents

45
Q

What do alcoholic drinks contain?

A

Ethanol

46
Q

How is ethanol oxidised to ethanoic acid?

A

By chemical oxidising agents or by the action of bacteria from the air.

47
Q

What is the main acid in vinegar?

A

Ethanoic acid

48
Q

What are carboxylic acids?

A

Organic compounds that contain the functional group -COOH

49
Q

Carboxylic acids:

  • Dissolve in water to form…
  • React with carbonates to produce…
  • Reacts with alcohols (in presence of catalyst) to form…
A

Acidic solutions
Carbon dioxide
Esters

50
Q

Why a carboxylic acids weak?

A

They do not fully ionise in water

51
Q

What do alcohols and carboxylic acids react together to form?

A

Esters

52
Q

Which functional group do esters contain?

A

-COO

53
Q

Which ester is formed on the reaction of ethanol and ethanoic acid?

A

Ethyl ethanoate

54
Q

What are esters?

A

Volatile compounds- they have a low boiling point

55
Q

What is distinctive about esters?

A

They have distinctive smells so are used in perfume and as flavourings in food.

Chemistry Paper 2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions