Organic molecules

Question 1

How can we diagram chemical bonds in many ways

Answer 1

Structural formula

Ball-and-stick model

space-filling model

Question 2

single covalent bond

Question 3

double bond

Question 4

triple bond

Question 5

create stick diagrams for the following covalently bonded molecules Carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrogen chloride (HCI), Ammonia (NH3), Propane (C3H8), Carbon fluoride (CF4)

Question 6

________ is a component of all
organic molecules

Answer 6

Carbon

Question 7

Four major types of organic molecules

Answer 7

Carbohydrates- Sugar (energy storage)

Proteins- enzymes, transporters, receptors

Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA (data storage)

Lipids
Fats-energy and hormones

Question 8

Monosaccharide

Answer 8

One sugar molecule-simple
glucose and fructose
soluble in water- taste sweet

Question 9

Disaccharide

Answer 9

two sugar molecules

sucrose is made of glucose+fructose

short term energy storage (mostly plants)

Question 10

Polysaccharides

Answer 10

three or more sugar molecules

long term energy storage

Question 11

what are the four complex carbohydrates

Answer 11

starch (potato)

Glycogen (Liver)

Cellulose (Algae)

Chitin (Tick)

Question 12

An example of a monosaccharide

Answer 12

Glucose C6H12O6

Question 13

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 13

Dehydration synthesis is a fundamental chemical process in which two molecules are combined to form a larger molecule while simultaneously eliminating a molecule of water (H2O)

Question 14

Explain how glucose and galactose (monosaccharides) turned into Lactose (Disaccharide)

Answer 14

The conversion of glucose and galactose into lactose, a disaccharide, involves a specific type of chemical reaction called a glycosidic bond formation through dehydration synthesis.

Question 15

Lactose intolerance is caused by

Answer 15

caused by a mutation in the DNA that causes production of the enzyme lactase to be ramped down.

Question 16

Hydrolysis reaction

Question 17

if humans can’t break down cellulose, how can cows

Answer 17

We can’t digest cellulose, but cows can; they are part of group of animals called
Ruminants that have help from special bacteria to break down cellulose.

Question 18

proteins

Answer 18

composed of chains of amino acids

Question 19

Major types of proteins

Answer 19

structural proteins

storage proteins

Contractile proteins

transport proteins

enzymes

Question 20

Amino acids

Answer 20

buliding blocks of proteins

Same basic shape with different functional groups (R groups differs)

Held together in a protein through peptide bonds

The sequence of amino acids determines what protein is made

Question 21

non essential amino acid and essential amino acid

Question 22

Amino acids are joined by_____ _____ which form by a dehydration reaction

Answer 22

peptide bonds

Question 23

Hemoglobin

Question 24

hydrogen bonds

Question 25

Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure

Question 26

Nucleic Acids

Answer 26

Composed of nucleotides
Molecules of heredity
DNA and RNA
Messengers, energy carriers, electron carriers
cAMP, ATP, NAD

Question 27

Nitrogenous bases

Answer 27

cytosine, thymine, uracil, adeline, Guanine

Question 28

DNA structure double-helix

Question 29

Specificity

Answer 29

A only
binds with T, C only
binds with G

Question 30

Lipids

Answer 30

non-polar
Composed mostly of carbons and hydrogens
Insoluble in water (because they are nonpolar!)

Three major groups
Oils, fats, waxes
Phospholipids
Steroids

Question 31

Phospholipids

Answer 31

Triglyceride in which one fatty acid is replaced with a smaller phosphate-containing subunit

The fatty acid portion is nonpolar –hydrophobic (“water fearing”)