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biology 1301 > Organic Molecules (3) > Flashcards

Organic Molecules (3) Flashcards

1
Q

macromolecules

A

large, complex organic molecules

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2
Q

carbon

A

4 electrons in outer shell
can form either polar or nonpolar covalent bonds

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3
Q

isomers

A

two molecules with an identical molecular formula but different structures and characteristics

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4
Q

structural isomers

A

contain the same atoms but in different bonding relationships
same formula, different sequence and structure

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5
Q

stereoisomers

A

identical bonding relationships, but spatial positioning of the atoms differs in the two isomers
same sequence, different orientation

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6
Q

enantiomers

A

mirror image molecules

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7
Q

geometric (cis-trans) isomers

A

positioning around double bond differs
rotation of double bond in the molecule

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8
Q

polymers

A

carbs, nucleic acids, and proteins

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9
Q

condensation/dehydration reaction

A

links monomers to form polymers by removing water

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10
Q

hydrolysis

A

polymers broken down into monomers by adding water

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11
Q

4 types of macromolecules

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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12
Q

carbs

A

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
three main types: monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

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13
Q

monosaccharide

A

simple sugars, most common are 5 or 6 carbons

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14
Q

disaccarides

A

composed of two monosaccharides
joined by dehydration reaction
broken apart by hydrolysis

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15
Q

polysaccharides

A

many linked together into long polymers

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16
Q

glycogen

A

multibranched polysaccharide of glucose, form of energy storage in animals and fungi
stored in cells of liver and muscles
long term storage

17
Q

starch

A

storage form of carbs in plants

18
Q

cellulose

A

polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of linked Beta D glucose units

19
Q

nucleic acids

A

long polymers that store genetic information

20
Q

DNA

A

stores genetic information, contains blue prints for proteins in the cell

21
Q

RNA

A

temporary copy of a segment of DNA, used when cell needs to make a protein

22
Q

nucleotides

A

phosphate group, five-carbon sugar, and sing/double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms known as a nitrogenous base
bonded by dehydration synthesis
separated by hydrolysis

23
Q

difference between nucleotides of DNA and RNA

A
  1. RNA uses ribose, DNA uses deoxyribose
  2. RNA uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
24
Q

DNA strands

A

complementary and anti-parallel

25
Q

proteins

A

= polymers
chain of multiple amino acids
workers of the cell

26
Q

roles of proteins

A

catalysts (enzymes)
signaling molecules (hormones)
activation of proteins (kinases)
activation of genes (transcription factors)
transport (kinesics)
structural integrity (cytoskeleton)

27
Q

amino acid structure

A

amino group (base), carboxyl group (acid), variable R group, central carbon atom

28
Q

polypeptide

A

chain of amino acids

29
Q

levels of protein structure

A

primary, secondary, tertiary

30
Q

primary structure

A

linear sequence of amino acids that make up polypeptide chain

31
Q

secondary structure

A

forms from hydrogen bonding between carboxyl and amino groups
forms beta-sheets and alpha-helices

32
Q

tertiary structure

A

folding gives protein complex 3D shape

33
Q

quaternary structure

A

composed of multiple subunits

34
Q

fats/triglycerides

A

joined by dehydration, broken apart by hydrolysis
can be saturated or unsaturated

35
Q

saturated

A

no double bonds between carbon atoms
higher melting point, mostly found in animals

36
Q

unsaturated

A

1 or more double bonds
low melting point, mostly found in plants

37
Q

phospholipids

A

amphipathic
polar/hydrophylic head
non polar/hydrophobic tail
forms membrane and relays messages from surface to cell

38
Q

steroids

A

signaling molecules derived from cholesterol
work for cell signaling (testosterone, estrogen) and cell membrane fluidity (cholesterol)

biology 1301 (7 decks)

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