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Biology Paper 1 > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells

A

The fundamental unit of life

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2
Q

What are tissues

A

Groups of cells thay act to perform a similar function

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3
Q

What are examples of tissues

A

Epidermal tissue
Muscular tissue
Mesophyll

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4
Q

What are organs

A

Groups of tissues working together to perform a function

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5
Q

What are examples of organs

A

Stomach, Liver and Lungs

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6
Q

What are organ systems

A

Groups of organs working together to perform a specific function

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7
Q

What are examples of organ systems

A

Digestive system, reproductive system and respiratory

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8
Q

What are enzymes

A

They are biological catalysts that increase the speed of reactions

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9
Q

What is the lock and key example

A

The active site is a lock and a substrate is a key. Only one enzyme for every substrate

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10
Q

What are the factors affecting the rate of reaction

A

Temperature- Increasing the temp of a working enzyme increases the reaction activity
Ph- enzymes have an optimum pH

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11
Q

How do you describe a rate of reaction graph

A

As temperature increases the r of r increases
Slowly then more quickly until (optimum temp/pH)
Then it decreases slowly then more quickly

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12
Q

What do you explain the graph of rate of reaction

A

As temp/pH increases the enzyme and substrate gain kinetic energy. Move faster and collide more often
Makes more E-S complexes
Increases rate of reaction
As it gets to optimum the enzyme active site denatures
Substrate is no longer complimentary to the active so less E-S complexes form reducing the rate of reaction

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13
Q

How do you calculate the rate of reaction

A

R of R is equal to the gradient of the graph
Pick 2 points of the graph then divide by the y axis over the x axis

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14
Q

What are digestive enzymes made by

A

Specialised cells in th glands

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15
Q

What are digestive enzymes used for

A

Breakdown large food molecules-they catalyse the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble food molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the blood

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16
Q

What are the 3 main digestive enzymes

A

Protease
Amylase
Lipase

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17
Q

Information about amylase

A

Digests carbs
Reaction catalysed- carbs—>sugars
Starch—>glucose
Made by- pancreas and small intestine and salivary glands
Works in- small intestine and saliva

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18
Q

Information about protease

A

Digests protein
Reaction catalysed-protein—>amino acid
Made by-stomach,pancreas,small intesti
Works in-small intestine and stomach

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19
Q

Information about lipase

A

Digests-Lipids
Reaction catalysed-lipids—>fatty acids and glycerol
Made by-pancreas and small intestine
Works in-small intestine

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20
Q

What is bile

A

An alkaline substance that is stored in the gallbladder after having been produced in the liver

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21
Q

Why is bile important

A

Optimised enzyme condition-
Bile neutralised acid from the stomach to stop enzymes being denatured
Emulsification-bike breaks up fats into droplets through emulsification

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22
Q

Informations about food tests for sugar

A

(Use the method in iodine) Sugar-add Benedict’s reagent heat for 2 minutes
Will turn green/yellow/red if positive
Remains blue if negative

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23
Q

Information about food tests for lipids

A

1) use method for iodine solution however this time don’t filter the solution after because lipid molecules can stick to filter paper. Add Sudan III gently shake the solution
will have red colour on top layer if positive
Will stay clear if negative

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24
Q

Information about food tests for starch

A

1)Take the food sample and grind with distilled water using mortar and pestle
2)transfer paste to beaker and add more distilled water. Stir so the chemicals in food dissolve in water
3) filter the solution to remove suspended particles
Add iodine solutionn if iodine present it’ll turn blue black

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25
Q

Information about food tests for protein

A

(Use method for iodine) Add Biuret solution
Will turn purple or pink if positive
Blue for negative result

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26
Q

Required practical-rate of enzymes reactions

A

1)A drop of iodine I’d put in each well in a sporting tile
2) Using a water bath or electrical heater warm a solution of amylase, starch and a buffer solution
3)At regular point in the experiment take drops of the solution and place in wells

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27
Q

Required practical- rates of enzymes reactions (2)

A

4)The starch is no longer present and has been completely broken down when the iodine remains brown
5)the time for this to occur is recorded and the rate is calculated from the equations 1000/time
6)the experiment should be repeated at diffeent pH values while controlling all othe factors which may affect the the rate such as temperature

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28
Q

What are the 3 blood vessels

A

Veins
Capillaries
Arteries

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29
Q

What are arteries

A

Transport blood away from the heart to the organs
Arteries carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery)

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30
Q

What are the adaptations to arteries

A

Thick muscle walls-makes them strong and able to cope with the high pressure at which blood is pumped out
Elastic fibres-the walls have elastic fibres allowing them to stretch and spring back

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31
Q

What are the adaptations of capillaries

A

One cell thick walls create a small diffusion pathway
Permeable walls so substance can move across them

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32
Q

What do the one cell capillary walls have an efficient exchange of

A

Food and oxygen-in capillaries,food and oxygen moves out of the blood and into the cells
Waste products-in capillaries, waste products such as CO2 move out of the cells and into the blood

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33
Q

What are veins

A

Carry blood towards the heart
Transport deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein)

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34
Q

What are the adaptations of veins

A

The lumen is wide to allow the low pressure blood to flow through
They have valves to ensure the blood flows in the right direction and prevent the back flow of blood

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35
Q

What is the structure of the heart

A

Left ventricle is thicker because blood needs to be pumped around the body rather than lung like right ventricle
Valves to prevent backflow
Coronary arteries cover the heart to provide its own oxygenated blood suppl

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36
Q

What is blood flow through the left side

A

Blood enters the left atrium of the heart through the pulmonary vein. Muscles contract to push the blood down through the valves into the left ventricle. Muscles contract to then push blood up and out of the heart in the aorta

37
Q

What is blood test through the right side

A

Blood enters the right atrium of the heart through the vena cava. Muscles contract to push the blood down through the valves and into the right ventricle. Muscles contract to push the blood up and out in the pulmonary artery.

38
Q

What is a pacemaker

A

Provide stimulation through small electrical impulses which pass as a wave across heart muscle causing it to contract. Without this the heart wouldn’t pump fast enough to deliver the required amount of oxygen to the body

39
Q

Why might an artificial pacemaker be fitted

A

If the individual has an irregular heart beat it can produce a signal causing the heart to beat normally

40
Q

What is the gas exchange system made up of

A

Trachea
Intercostal muscles
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Diaphragm

41
Q

What is the process of ventilation

A

When you breathe in
1)inter coastal muscles contract-moves ribcage up and out
2)muscles of diaphragm move down
3) volume of thorax increase
4) pressure decreases and air is drawin into the lungs

42
Q

What is the process of gas exchange

A

1)upon inhalation, The alveoli fills up with oxygen
2)the blood in the capillaries surronginf the alveoli is deoxygenated. It has carbon dioxide as this is a product of respiration

43
Q

Process of gas exchange (2)

A

3)Oxygen diffuses down its concentration gradient into the capillary bloodstream which has a low concentration of oxygen
4)carbon dioxide diffuses down its concentration gradient from the blood to the alveoli

44
Q

Adaptations of alveoli

A

Ventile to maintain steep concentration gradient
The walls of the alveoli are very thin meaning there’s a short diffusion pathway
Contain the gaseous exchange surface. Surface area of lungs is increased by the alveoli

45
Q

Why is it called the double circulatory system

A

Because blood passes through the heart twice per circuit

46
Q

What are the adaptations of red blood cells

A

Biconcave shape-creates large surface area and allows for rapid diffusion Of oxygen
No Nucleas-frees up more room for haemoglobin. Maximises amount of oxygen to carry
Haemoglobin-binds with oxygen in lungs to form oxyhemoglobin.
Small size-so they can pass through capillaries

47
Q

What are the adaptations of white blood cells

A

Can change shape-allows them to squeeze through the walls of blood vessels into body tissues to ingest harmful microorganisms
Has nucleus-theu have nucleus
Some produce antibodies so they need ribosomes and mitochondria for energy

48
Q

What is plasma

A

Liquid that carries the components in the blood:red blood cells,white blood cells,platelets glucose,amino acids,co2,urea,hormones and more

49
Q

What are adaptations of platelets

A

Help the blood clot form at the site of the a wound
Clot dries and hardens to form a scab allowing new skin to form underneath while preventing microorganisms from entering
Without them cuts would result in excessive bleeding and bruising

50
Q

What are communicable and noncommunicabke disease

A

Communicable-can be spread
Noncommunicable-cannot be spread

51
Q

What is smoking risk factors for

A

Lung disease
Smoking during pregnancy is a risk factor for low birth weight of babies
Smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease

52
Q

What is obesity a risk factor for

A

Type 2 diabetes
Cardiovascular disease

53
Q

What is excessive alcohol consumption risk factor for

A

During pregnancy is a risk factor for brain damage in babies
Liver and brain damage

54
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

Fatty deposits build up in the walls of the coronary artery preventing blood flow. This means less oxygen and glucose reach the heart so there is reduced resperation releasing less energy to allow the heart muscle to contract. This can cause a heart attack. Stents can treat this and statins can prevent this

55
Q

What are leaky valves

A

When a heart valve becomes stiff it cannot open or it is damaged so it leaks. Blood could go backwards in the circulatory system which reduces the amount of oxygen getting to cells for resperation. Biological or artificial valves could replace faulty valves

56
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of stents (CHD)

A

A-effective in lowering the risk of heart attack
A-recovery time from surgery is quick
D-risk of heart attack during procedure or infection could occur following it
D-chance that blood clots can form near the stent

57
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of statins

A

A-reduces risk of strokes,CHD and heart attacks
A-increase the risk of HDL
D-can produce side effects
D-need to be taken continuously which could be inconvenient

58
Q

What are the As and Ds of biological and mechanical valves

A

Biological A-works very well
D-only lasts 12-15 years
Mechanical A-lasts for a long time
D-constant medication needed to stop blood from clotting around the valve

59
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of heart transplants

A

A-unlikely to be rejected from the immune system
Can allow recovery for heart
D-blood clots could form causing strokes
-surgery temporarily leaves the body exposed to infection
Mechanical parts of it could wear our and the motor could fail

60
Q

How can extreme blood loss be solved

A

By giving artificial blood. It’s a salt solution thay can keep people alive even if they lose 2/3 of their red blood cells

61
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial blood

A

A-patient has more time to produce new blood cells
D-can only be used for short periods of time- then blood transfusion has to take place

62
Q

What is cancer

A

Uncontrolled growth and division of cells. Caused by changes in cells which are mutations

63
Q

What is a tumour

A

A growth of abnormal cells

64
Q

What are the differences of benign and malignant tumours

A

Benign-not cancerous. Stay in a specific part of the body and don’t invade other parts of the body nor tissues
Malignant-can invade neighbouring tissues and spread throughout the body in the blood leading to the creation of secondary tumours.

65
Q

Life style risk factors for cancer

A

Smoking (lung,mouth,bowel,stomach)
Obesity(bowel,lung,kidney)
UV light(skin cancer)
Viral infection

66
Q

Genetic risk factors for cancer

A

Inherit certain genes which increase the likelihood of getting cancer

67
Q

What is epidermal tissue

A

Covered with waxy cuticle
Function-helps to reduce water loss by evaporation as the waxy cuticle prevents water from moving out

68
Q

What is palisade mesophyll

A

Has lots of chloroplasts
Means photosynthesis can happen rapidly. Positioned at top of leaf so receive lots of light

69
Q

What is spongy mesophyll

A

Has lots of air spaces
Allows gases to diffuse in and out of cells

70
Q

What is xylem

A

Made up of dead cells joined together
Allows movement of water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves where it evaporates. Called transpiration

71
Q

Xylem (2)

A

Strengthened with lignin but has some holes along tube called bordered pits
Makes it strong and waterproof so water won’t leave except at bordered pits allowi minerals to go to specific places in the plant

72
Q

What is phloem

A

Elongated cells with holes in the cell walls
FOOS substances can be moved in both directions form the leaves wheee they are made for use or from storage

73
Q

What is meristem

A

Able to differentiate into different types of cell allowing the plant to grow

74
Q

What is the process of transpiration

A

1)Root hair cells absorb water from the soil by osmosis
2)Mineral ions are taken up by active transport
3)

75
Q

Process of transpiration (2)

A

3) after being absorbed by the root hair bells the water and minerals are transported in xylem vessels uo the stem and into the leaves
4)once it reaches the leaves the majority of water evaporates and the water vapour diffuses our through open stomata

76
Q

What are the factors affecting the rate of transpiration

A

Temperature
Humidity
Air flow
Light intensity

77
Q

How does an increase in temperature affect the rate of transpiration

A

The molecules moves faster resulting in evaporation happening at a faster rate and increases the rate of transpiration

78
Q

How does an increase in humidity affect the rate of transpiration

A

Increases the amount of water in the air making it more difficult for more water to evaporate resulting in a slower rate of diffusion. Decreases rate of transpiration

79
Q

How does an increase in airflow affect the rate of transpiration

A

Carries water away from the plants leaves encouraging more water to evaporate. Increases rate of transpiration

80
Q

How does an increase of light intensity affect the rate of transpiration

A

Leads to increase of photosynthesis so more stomata open to allow gaseous exchange to occur. Means more water can evaporate leading to an increased rate of transpiration

81
Q

How do you measure the rate of transpiration

A

A potometre is used to measure the rate of transpiration. As water is lost through the plants leaves the air bubbles moves. The speed of the bubbles movement shows the rate of water uptake
This is only an estimation as a small amount of water taken up by the shoot is used in the leaves and isn’t transpired

82
Q

What is translocations

A

The process by which food produced in photosynthesis is transported from the leaves to the growing regions of plants

83
Q

What are the features of transpiration

A

Phloem tubes-made up of columns of elongated cells that have holes in end walls
Allow cell sap to pass between cells
Bidirectional-unlike transpiration,translocation is bidirectional

84
Q

What is the stomata

A

Gaps in the lower epidermis of leaves thay make diffusion of gases easier. Guard cells can open and close them

85
Q

What happenes when the stomata opens and closes

A

Opens-the guard cells can open the stomata by taking up lots of water causing it to swell
Closes-the guard cells lose water and return to a limp state

86
Q

What happens when water is abundant

A

When water is abundant (lots) the plant can afford to lose water so it opens the stomata to allow gases for photosynthesis to move freely in and out

87
Q

What happens when water is scarce

A

When water is scarce stomata closes in order to prevent further water loss by returning to a limp state.

88
Q

Why does the stomata close in nogjt

A

At night the stomata closes because in the absence of sunlight carbon dioxide is not required for photosynthesis. At this time their only objective is to prevent water loss

Biology Paper 1 (7 decks)

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