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GCSE Biology > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of epidermal tissue?

A

Human skin, and the waxy covering of some plants are examples of epidermal tissue

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2
Q

Where in the body would you find the epidermal tissue?

A

It lines the outer surface of organs and blood vessels

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3
Q

What is the glandular tissue?

A

It produces digestive juices that break down the stomachs content.

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4
Q

What does the muscle tissue do?

A

It moves the contents of the stomach around during digestion

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5
Q

What are organs?

A

Organs are groups of distinct tissues that work together to perform a specific function

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6
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

It digests food

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7
Q

What are organ systems?

A

They are groups of organs that work together to perform a particular role

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8
Q

What does the liver produce?

A

Bile

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9
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

It absorbs water molecules from the remaining undigested food.

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10
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

It digests food and absorbs soluble(can be dissolved) food molecules

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11
Q

What do glands produce?

A

Digestive enzymes

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12
Q

What organs are in the digestive system?

A

Small intestine
Liver
Large intestine
Stomach

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13
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

They increase the speed of reactions

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14
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

It is a protein that increases the rate of reaction

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15
Q

Describe the lock and key mechanism of enzyme action

A

The active site is like a lock and the substrate is like a key.

In the same way there is usually only one enzyme for every substrate

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16
Q

What does denatured mean?

A

An enzyme is denatured if it’s structure is altered and can no longer catalyse a reaction

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17
Q

What happens when you initially increase the temperature of a working enzyme?

A

The reacting activity increases

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18
Q

What happens to enzymes when pH is too high?

A

The enzyme becomes denatured and will not function

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19
Q

What are the two factors influencing the rate of reaction?

A

Temperature, pH

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20
Q

What is the rate of reaction equation?

A

Rate of reaction= change in mass/change in time

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21
Q

What are the three main digestive enzymes?

A

Amylase
Protease
Lipase

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22
Q

What is bile?

A

It is an alkaline substance produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

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23
Q

What does bile do?

A

It breaks up fats into tiny droplets, through a process called emulsification.

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24
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Pancreas

Salivary glands

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25
Q

Where are the sites of action for amylase?

A

The small intestine and the mouth

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26
Q

What is the amylase purpose?

A

It breaks down starch into its constituent simple sugars

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27
Q

Where are the sights of action for protease??

A

Small intestine

Stomach

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28
Q

Where is the protease produced?

A

Pancreas

Stomach

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29
Q

What it the purpose of the protease?

A

To break down proteins to into amino acids

30
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Small intestine

Pancreas

31
Q

What is he lipase purpose?

A

To break down lipids into a molecule called glycerol and fatty acids.

32
Q

How do you test for protein and what colour represents there is a protein present?

A

You would add Biuret solution and it would then turn purple if there is protein present.

33
Q

How do you test for lipids and what colour would it turn?

A

Add ethanol, after add the solution to water and shake and if the solution turns cloudy then you can see that there are lipids present.

34
Q

How do you test for sugar and what colour would it Change to?

A

add Benedict’s solution and heat for about two minutes. It would then turn green, yellow or red if sugar is present( the colour depends on the concentration)

35
Q

How would you test for starch and what colour would it turn?

A

Add iodine solution and it would turn blue-black if starch is present.

36
Q

When investigating the rate of enzyme activity, what factors need to be kept constant?

A

pH
Temperature
Enzyme concentration
Substance concentration

37
Q

What are the three main blood vessels?

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

38
Q

Where do arteries transport blood?

A

Away from the heart and to the organs

39
Q

How the arteries structure adapted to perform their function?

A

The walls have a thick layer of muscle- this makes them strong and able to cope with the high pressure at which the blood is pumped out by the heart

Elastic fibres- the walls have elastic fibres, allowing them to stretch

40
Q

What blood so arteries carry?

A

They carry oxygenated blood

41
Q

What are some characteristics of capillaries?

A

They have thin walls so there can be efficient exchange of food and oxygen and waste products.

42
Q

What do veins do?

A

They transport deoxygenated blood from the organs back to the heart

43
Q

What is the difference between veins and arteries?

A

The walls are thinner than those found in arteries as the blood is at lower pressure

Veins have a wider cross section than arteries- this means veins have a wider section through which blood can flow to counteract this.

Veins have valves to prevent the back flow of blood

44
Q

Which is the only type of vein that carry’s oxygen a blood?

A

Pulmonary vein

45
Q

How many chambers does the heart have and what are they.

A

The heart has four chambers m: the left and right atrium and the left and right ventricle.

The heart also has a pace maker

46
Q

What type of blood enter the right atrium?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the body

47
Q

What type of blood enters the heart from the left atrium?

A

Oxygenated blood from the lungs

48
Q

Describe the process when the heart pumps

A

A group of cells in the right atrium act as a pacemaker, controlling the pumping heart. When a heart beats:

  • Blood enters via the atria
  • Atria contracts forcing the blood down into the ventricle below
  • Ventricles contract so they force blood to exit the heart
49
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

It is a major vein that brings deoxygenated blood from around the body to the heart

50
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

It brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

51
Q

What is the aorta?

A

It is where oxygenated blood is pumped around the body by the heart

52
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

It is where deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs by the heart

53
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

They supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

54
Q

Which blood vessels take blood away from the heart?

A

Aorta
Brachial artery
Pulmonary artery

55
Q

The heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through which blood vessel?

A

Pulmonary vein

56
Q

What are alveoli?

A

They are tiny air sacs in the lungs

57
Q

How have alveoli become adapted to efficiently exchange gas?

A

They have a large surface area

They are surrounded by capillaries so they have a rich blood supply

58
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin carries oxygen which will then be released to the body cells to be used for respiration.

59
Q

What are some red blood cell features?

A

Biconcave shape
Haemoglobin
No nucleus
Small in size

60
Q

What are the organs of a plant?

A

Leaves
Stem
Reproductive structures
Roots

61
Q

What is palisade mesophyll?

A

It contains lots of chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis

62
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll?

A

It contains lots of air spaces for gas exchange

63
Q

What is the epidermal tissue?

A

It covers the surface of plants to protect them

64
Q

What is the stomata?

A

Found in the lower epidermis, these gaps facilitate (make easier) the diffusion of gases in and out of the leaf, if they are open.

65
Q

What does transpiration do?

A

It transports water and the minerals dissolved in it through the plant

66
Q

What is a root hair cell?

A

It absorbs water from the soil via osmosis

67
Q

What are some factors affecting the rate of transpiration?

A

Light intensity
Humidity
Air flow
Temperature

68
Q

What is translocation?

A

Translocation is the movement of materials from leaves to other tissues throughout the plant.

69
Q

What are some features of xylem cells?

A

No end walls
They are dead
Lignin

70
Q

What is the gauged cells job?

A

To open and close the stomata

GCSE Biology (6 decks)

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