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Physiology > Organisation of Brain and Spinal cord > Flashcards

Organisation of Brain and Spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

Name the cranial meninges

A

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

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2
Q

What is the arachnoid membrane?

A

a fine web like fibre mesh connecting the inner face of the Dura to the Pia mater

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3
Q

Where can CSF be found

A

the subarachnoid space

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4
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

a highly vascular membrane covering brain and spinal cord, following every contour

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5
Q

What secretes CSF?

A

the choroid plexuses

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6
Q

Where are the cells that secrete CSF located?

A

cerebral ventrals

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7
Q

What are the functions of the CSF?

A

hydrostatic support & regulation of the extracellular environment of nerve cells

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8
Q

Where can CSF be sampled?

A

the cauda equina, the spinal nerves and lower lumbar, L2-L5

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9
Q

What are the functions of glial cells?

A

maintain homeostasis, form myelin, holds neurons in place, supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, insulation of one neuron from another, destruction of pathogens and removal of dead neurons

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10
Q

Name the non-neuronal cells of the CNS

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

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11
Q

Name the cranial nerves

A

Olfactory, Optic, Occulormotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibular-cochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Spinal accessory, hypoglossal

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12
Q

What are the cervical segments?

A

C1-C8

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13
Q

What are the thoracic segments?

A

T1-T12

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14
Q

What are the lumbar segments?

A

L1-L5

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15
Q

What are the sacral segments?

A

S1-S5

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16
Q

What is the coccygeal segment?

A

C1

17
Q

Define a short loop reflex

A

A reflex that only requires the spinal circutry

18
Q

Long loop reflexes involve which organ?

A

Brain

19
Q

How does modulation of reflex arcs occur?

A

Via descending pathways from higher centres

20
Q

Where are proprioreceptors located?

A

In muscles and joints

21
Q

Primary afferents synapse directly onto which muscle?

A

The homonymous muscle of the quadriceps.

22
Q

Give an example of reciprocal inhibition

A

When the afferents of the stretch reflex synapse with inhibitory neurons of antagonistic muscle

23
Q

Spindle sensory endings characteristics

A

associated with large diameter afferent axons and are sensitive to both the length of muscle and rate of change of muscle length

24
Q

Which tendon must be stimulated for the stretch reflex to occur?

A

the patellar tendon

25
Q

Where do the afferent fibres of the withdrawal reflex arise from?

A

cutaneous nocireceptors

26
Q

What is transduction?

A

the depolarisation of the sensory receptor causing the conversion of one energy form into another

27
Q

What are the somatosensory systems?

A

Touch, pressure, vibration, proprioreceptors, nociperception, thermoreception.

28
Q

Which receptors are activated by mechanical stimuli in the skin?

A

Pacinan corpuscles

29
Q

A-beta myelinated nerve fibres innervate…

A

Pacinan corpuscles

30
Q

How are large receptive fields produced?

A

Having neurons that connect over many receptors

31
Q

Large receptive fields have spatial summation. T/F

A

T

32
Q

Actuity is not permitted in large receptive fields due to

A

spatial summation

33
Q

What is Lissauer’s tract?

A

bundles of fibres at dersolateral margin of spinal cord

34
Q

What is the somatosensory homunculus?

A

A distorted map of peripheral sensory surface

35
Q

What is special about the somtosensory homunculus?

A

The size of cortical area is associated with peripheral area, disproportionate size due to density of receptors. Fingers and mouth disproptionate, due to dense number of receptors, offering excellent spatial discrimination

36
Q

What does dual innervation of the ANS cause?

A

increased activity with one division often having an opposite action to that in the other.

37
Q

Where are preganglionic cell bodies found in the SNS?

A

spinal cord from T1-T3

Physiology (3 decks)

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