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Modern Human Physical Variation > Other Information From Slides Not On Midterm Review Sheet > Flashcards

Other Information From Slides Not On Midterm Review Sheet Flashcards

1
Q

Fundamental Theoretical Framework

A
  1. Human Variation can be explained in part: EVOLUTIONARY THEORY, guiding THEORETICAL PARADIGM
  2. Must examine biological human variation: behavior, culture, environment (all in graph going between each other in many ways) (natural selection influences biological variation)
  3. Variations & adaptations: Often biobehavioral
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2
Q

Significance of Research

A
  1. Expanded the SCOPE OF RESEARCH
  2. Scientific, comparative, & multidisciplinary: STANDARDIZATION, research designs, modeling
  3. Western & non-western populations (still stigma to doing research in US)
  4. Established the subfield of Human Population Biology
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3
Q

Transformation of HPB - Problem Oriented Research

A
  1. Child growth & development
  2. Breastfeeding
  3. Nutrition/Infectious Disease
  4. Maternal & child health
  5. Reproduction
  6. Prenatal growth
  7. Aging
    (Honduras “midwives” told to administrate potosi to induce labor and then increased c-section, long time to get there, increased mortality)
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4
Q

Transformation of HPB

A
  1. Modernization, acculturation, & social change
  2. Effects to health
  3. Workloads, activity patterns, diet, economics
  4. Problem oriented
  5. Public policy
  6. (Prostate cancer in US higher than Indians/Asians, cause higher meat/fat less plant products/fiber, move from regions (Asia) next gen have same risk as US men cause DIET)
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5
Q

Goals of Human Population Biology

A
  1. Understand the extent of & basis for biobehavioral variation at the POPULATION COMMUNITY, family, sex, age, & individual levels
  2. Predict the limits of our adaptability: context of existing biological variation & culture
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6
Q

Endocrine & Immune Relationships to Health in the Context of Stress

A
  1. Psychosocial Stress/Health: Homework building up, work, personal things, etc, Cortisol build up cause no fat burning; no sleep from stress cause want to eat sweets
  2. Growth & Development: Kids in broken households, bad neighborhoods, etc., have effect on mental/physical health
  3. Physical activity & workload: Elderly working store job, strain on legs
  4. Reproductive cancers: Euro. Australian, USA women have 400 periods in life, other culture later periods, pregnant/breastfeeding have less periods and have lower rates of cancer cause no birth control, etc. to change natural cycle
  5. Modernization: more desk jobs, sit a lot
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7
Q

Emerging Infectious Diseases

A
  1. Emerging & reemerging diseases: E(COVID-19, SARS, MERS (new)), RE(Tuburculosis, measles(cause unvaccinating for kids)
  2. Global transmission
  3. Potential for epidemics & pandemics
  4. Unknown microorganisms
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8
Q

Genetics, Adaptation, & Adaptability

A
  1. Population genetics
  2. Identity genes for adaptation
  3. Few successful studies: Oxygen saturation (High altitude environments)
  4. Needs the most work
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9
Q

Gene

A
  1. Bonobos share ~ 99%, chimps ~98%, talking about exon region, exon 2% of genome
  2. Identical twins: Identical in exon region, intron region different (how tell apart in some cases, paternity/crime)
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10
Q

Big Picture

A
  1. Traits: Ex. Eye or hair color, lactose tolerance, sickle cell anemia, etc., Mendelian, Simple & Complex (M: know must, 2 phenotypes (Dom. Vs. rec), S: 3 phenotypes (Dom, rec, carrier), C: eye/hair color (many genes influencing traits)
  2. Proteins: Number varies, # polypeptide chains = # amino acids
  3. Genes: Number varies, Strands of DNA
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11
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A
  1. Mutation: alters whole codon, Point, Position 6, gets altered and misshaped cells (dif amino acid)
  2. Hemoglobin
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12
Q

Sex Aneuploidy

A
  1. XX = Female
  2. XY = Male
  3. Non-Disjunction: Too many sex chromosomes, not enough
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13
Q

OY-Not Viable

A
  1. No embryo at all
  2. Does not exist
  3. Must have an X
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14
Q

How does evolution occur?

A
  1. Four Forces of Evolution & other factors (* = FoE)
  2. Natural selection* (not only stage of evolution
  3. Recombination (stage of meiosis)
  4. Recurring Mutation*
  5. Genetic Drift*
  6. Gene Flow*
  7. Non-random Mating: Assortative mating-preference for similar genotypes and phenotypes, Disassortative mating-preference for different genotypes or phenotypes
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15
Q

So why did things change?

A
  1. Age of Exploration
  2. Discovery of New World
  3. Earth was not flat
  4. Biological Diversity
  5. Scientific Revolution
  6. Changing view of nature
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16
Q

Naturalists & Scientists

A
  1. John Ray: Reproductive Isolation (organisms reproductively isolated from each other), Species Concept (species not what we think (interbreeding) ex. Tigon, mules, etc)
  2. C.Linnaeus: Bionomial Nomenclature, Fixity of Species (animals haven’t changed with time)
  3. C.D. Buffon: (where Buffon name calling came from cause thought ideas crazy) No Grand design (biblical, Christian explanation of evolution), Environment = Agent of change in a species (influencing), Species could not give rise to other species (branching off)
17
Q

Naturalists & Scientists Pt 2

A
  1. G. Cuvier: No evolution & tried to explain extinction (found fossils, why are they there), Catastrophism (volcanos, his explanation)
  2. C.Lyell: Principles of Geology, Uniformitarianism, Deep Time, Why we know anything about Darwin, proposed us to think Earth older than 6000 years
  3. T. Malthus: An Essay on the Principles of Population, Pop growth v. Resources (fertility rates can’t keep up with resources, rural to urban migration (jobs,jobs,jobs), struggle for existence (lower economic classes), Malthusian orthodoxy, laws to prevent childbirth outside of Church of England
18
Q

Malthus Theory of Population Increase vs. Food Resources

A
  1. Pop growth outpace food production
  2. Malthus ideas (“natural” ways to solve above): Disease, war, famine, natural disaster
  3. He didn’t think of: technology and farming process
19
Q

Darwinian Evolution

A
  1. Change (change brings modification as time goes on)
  2. Decent with modification
  3. Survival
  4. Reproduction
  5. Isolation (geographically, long time illegal to marry outside race)
  6. Gradual (takes time for evolution to happen, not just finches; turtles, tortoises, galapogos marine iguana
20
Q

Darwin’s Problems

A
  1. Mechanism of Inheritance: (Darwin’s Thoughts) Blending (of mom and dad not 50/50), Homogenization
  2. Source of new variation: No genetics, no knowledge of mutation
21
Q

Genome

A
  1. Is the genetic makeup of an individual
  2. DONT MISTAKE FOR GENE
  3. Whole thing
22
Q

Pea Experiment - Single Crosses

A
  1. Crossed different purebred plants: 1 trait at a time (tall v short), parental generation (P1), all were tall (filial generation - F1)
  2. F1 generation self fertilized: Interesting ration in F2 = 3:1 75% tall and 25% short
23
Q

Mendel’s Conclusions

A
  1. Assumed 2 factors (genes) were involved in the inheritance of traits: Genetic basis of trait determined by one unit from each parent
  2. Law of segregation
24
Q

Why did the trait absent in the F1 generation reappear in the F2 generation?

A
  1. When he makes Dom and rec traits
  2. Dominant: trait that was expressed, masks the recessive trait (doesn’t mean more frequent or better (5 digits recessive)
  3. Recessive: trait that was masked (only shown if no dom present tt)
  4. Only TRUE for Mendalian or simple
25
Q

Pea Experiments & Punnett Squares

A
  1. Purebred (P1)
  2. F1 generation - mate purebreds = hybrids
  3. Phenotype = 100% Tall (dom allele masks recessive (Tt))
  4. Genotype = 100% Tt (all heterozygous in genotype)
  5. Mate the hybrids from F1 generation
  6. F2 generation: Phenotype = 3:1 (3 tall, 1 short), Genotype = 1:2:1 (1 homo dom, 2 hereo, 1 homo rec)
26
Q

Suggested Mendelian Traits

A
  1. Roll tongue (can be learned)
  2. Haricuts, lose hair, show/hide widow’s peak
  3. Butt/cleft chin
  4. Dimples
  5. Hitchhikers thumb
  6. Attach vs not earlobes (complex)
  7. Mid-digital hair
  8. Raise one eyebrow (can learn)
  9. Left over right thumb
  10. 3 tendons in wrist
27
Q

X-Linked Recessive

A
  1. Females need 2 recessive alleles to express, possess 1 carrier
  2. Males need only 1 to express, pass to all daughters, Hemizygous
  3. Ex Red Green Color Blindness
28
Q

Hemophilia:

A
  1. Blood clotting disorder
  2. Pop in monarchies cause inbreeding
29
Q

Y-Linked

A
  1. Hairy ear ribs
30
Q

Point Mutations

A
  1. Can change codon & specify a different amino acid
  2. Minor or drastic events
  3. Nonsense, Missense, Silent
31
Q

From Important Chart (true/false)

A
  1. Natural Selection in pop decrease between pop increase
  2. Mutation in and between increases
  3. Genetic Drift in pop decrease between pop increase
  4. Gene flow in pop increase between pop decrease

Modern Human Physical Variation (4 decks)

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