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Biology > Unit 1- AOS 1 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Unit 1- AOS 1 Vocabulary Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Archaea

A

A group of prokaryotes that live in extreme environments; also known as extremophiles.

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2
Q

Bacteria

A

a group of prokaryotes that can reproduce by binary fission.

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3
Q

Bulk Transport

A

the movement of material into a cell (endocytosis) or out of a cell (exocytosis

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4
Q

Cell

A

basic functional unit of all organisms

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5
Q

Cell Theory

A

Theory that all living things are made of cells

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6
Q

Cell Wall

A

Semi-rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane in the cells of plants,
algae, fungi and bacteria

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7
Q

Cell (Plasma) membrane

A

Partially permeable boundary of a cell separating it from its
physical surroundings: boundary controlling entry to and exit of substances from a cell

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8
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Process of converting the chemical energy of food into a form usable
by cells, typically ATP

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9
Q

Channel proteins

A

Trans-membrane proteins involved in the transport of specific substances
across a plasma membrane by facilitated diffusion.

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10
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Green pigments required for photosynthesis that traps radiant energy of sunlight.

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11
Q

Chloroplast

A

Chlorophyll- containing organelle that occurs in the cytosol of the cells of specific plant tissues.

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12
Q

Cholesterol

A

Sterol compound important in the composition of cell membranes.

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13
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Formed by the cell organelles excluding the nucleus, and the cytosol

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14
Q

Cytosol

A

The aqueous part of the cell

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15
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of filaments within a cell.

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16
Q

Deoxyribose nucleic Acid (DNA)

A

Nucleic acid containing the four bases- adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine- which forms the major components of chromosomes and contains genetic instructions.

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17
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Occurs when there is a difference in solute concentration from one
area to another

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18
Q

Crenation

A

Shrinking of cells due to water loss

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19
Q

Endocytosis

A

Bulk movement of solids or liquids into a cell by engulfment

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20
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Cell organelle consisting of a system of membrane-bound
channels that transport substances within the cell

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21
Q

Eukaryote

A

Any cell or organism with a membrane-bound nucleus

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22
Q

Exocytosis

A

Movement of material out of cells via vesicles in the cytoplasm

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23
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

A model proposing that the plasma membrane and other intracellular
membranes should be considered as two-dimensional fluids in which proteins are
embedded.

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24
Q

Glycolipids

A

Small chains of carbohydrates (sugars) attached to the phospholipids and
proteins of the plasma membrane; aid in cell recognition

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25
Glycoprotein
Combination formed when a carbohydrate group becomes attached to the exposed part of a trans-membrane protein
26
Golgi Apparatus
Organelle that packages material into vesicles for export from a cell (also known as Golgi complex or Golgi body)
27
Hydrophilic
Substances that dissolve easily in water; also called polar
28
Hydrophobic
Substances that tend to be insoluble in water; also called non-polar
29
Hypertonic
Having a higher concentration of dissolved substances than the solution to which it is compared
30
Integral Protein
Fundamental components of the plasma membrane that are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
31
Isotonic
Having the same concentration of dissolved substances as the solution to which it is compared
32
Lipophilic
‘Lipid-loving' molecules that dissolve in lipids (hydrophobic)
33
Lipophobic
lipid-fearing' molecules that do not dissolve in lipids (hydrophilic)
34
Lysis
Bursting of a cell
35
Lysosome
Vesicle filled with digestive enzymes
36
Membrane-bound organelle
An organelle that has a membrane surrounding it
37
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Single-stranded RNA formed by transcription of a DNA template strand in the nucleus; mRNA carries a copy of the genetic information into the cytoplasm
38
Mitochondria
In a eukaryotic cell, organelles that are the major site of APT productions; singular= mitochondrion.
39
Nucleic Acid
A compound, such as DNA or RNA, built from nucleotide sub-units
40
Nucleolus
A small, dense, spherical structure in a nucleus that is composed of RNA and produces rRNA
41
Nucleotides
The basic building blocks or sub-units of DNA and RNA consisting of a phosphate group, a base and a sugar
42
Nucleus
In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bound organelle containing the genetic material DNA
43
Organelle
Any specialized structure that performs a specific function
44
Organism
Any living creature
45
Osmosis
Net movement of water across a partially permeable membrane without an input of energy and down a concentration gradient
46
Osmotic Flow
T he net movement of water molecules from a solution of high water concentration to lower water concentration (or alternatively, from a region of low to high solute concentration)
47
Phospholipid
Major type of lipid found in plasma membrane.
48
Photosynthesis
Process by which plants use the radiant energy of sunlight trapped by chlorophyll to build carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water
49
Plasmolysis
Shrinking of the cytoplasm away from the wall due to water loss
50
Polysaccharides
Long chains of sugars joined together to form large molecules
51
Proteins
Macromolecules built of amino acid sub-units and linked by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain
52
Prokaryote
Any cell or organism without a membrane-bound nucleus.
53
Pumps
Special transport proteins embedded across the plasma membrane that carry out the process of active transport
54
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Type of nucleic acid consisting of a single chain of nucleotide subunits that contain the sugar ribose and the bases A, U, C and G
55
Ribosomal RNA
Synthesises proteins and is the primary component of ribosomes
56
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) ribosomal ribonucleic acid
Synthesizes proteins and is the primary component of ribosomes
57
Ribosome
Organelle containing RNA that is the major site of protein production in cells
58
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached
59
Selectively Permeable (Semi-permeable)
Allows some substances to cross but precludes the passage of others
60
Smoot Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)
endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes
61
Solute
Substance that is dissolved
62
Solution
Liquid mixture of the solute in the solvent.
63

Biology (3 decks)

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