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RADP 210 - Radiation Protection > Outcome 3 > Flashcards

Outcome 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five biological effects caused by radiation exposure?

A
  1. Genetic changes
  2. Growth increase or decrease
  3. Somatic change
  4. Lifespan change
  5. Carcinogenic growth
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2
Q

What are the three factors that impact the nature and severity of the biological damages?

A
  1. Quantity and nature of radiation
  2. Portion of body involved
  3. Rate of exposure
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3
Q

What are radiation effects in cells?

A
  1. They repair
  2. Repair incorrectly
  3. They die
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4
Q

What is the unit to describe quality of radiation? What is it measuring?

A

Bq; the amount of radioactivity

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5
Q

What is the relationship between the value of radioactivity and its ability to cause biological damage?

A

The higher the Bq dose, the higher the probability for creating bio damage

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6
Q

What is the nature of radiation?

A

It is the type of radiation. Whether it’s a particulate or non-particulate.

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7
Q

What is WB?

A

Whole body - radiation exposure is to the head, trunk, blood forming organs and gonads.

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8
Q

What is PE?

A

Partial exposure - only an extremity is exposed to radiation

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9
Q

How is dose rate calculated?

A

Dose/unit of time

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10
Q

What is an acute exposure?

A

High dose/SHORT time

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11
Q

What is a chronic exposure?

A

Low dose/LONG time

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12
Q

What is dose fractionation?

A

It is when you divide up the therapy dose into several treatments

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13
Q

What is the difference between stochastic and deterministic effects?

A

Stochastic (cancer) - effects that occur by chance and without a threshold level of dose of radiation, probability is proportional to the dose and it’s severity is not due to the dosage

Deterministic - has a known outcome; there is a threshold dose and severity of effects increases with dosage

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14
Q

What does ACTIVITY refer to?

A

It is the decay per second (by either the rearrangement of the nucleon or n—>p)

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15
Q

How is ACTIVITY measured? SI units? Common unit?

A

SI: Bq
Common: Ci

1 Bq = 2.7 x 10^-11 Ci
1 Ci = 3.7 x 10^10 Bq

1 mCi = 37 MBq

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16
Q

What does EXPOSURE mean?

A

It only applies to photons. It measures the charged ions created in air by radiation.

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17
Q

How is EXPOSURE measured? SI units? Common units?

A

SI: coulomb per kg (C/kg)
Common unit: roentgen (R)

1 C/kg = 3880 R
1 R = 2.58 x 10^-4 C/kg

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18
Q

What does ABSORBED DOSE mean?

A

It is the energy imparted by ionizing radiation in any matter that isn’t human tissue (per unit mass)

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19
Q

How is ABSORBED DOSE measured? si units? Common units?

A

SI: Gy (1 J/kg)
Common: rad (ergs/g)

1 Gy = 100 rad
1 rad = 0.01 Gy

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20
Q

What does DOSE EQUIVALENT mean?

A

It is the absorbed dose in humans!

21
Q

How is DOSE EQUIVALENT measured? Si units? Common?

A

SI: Sv (J/kg)
Common: rem (Gy x weighting factors)

1 Sv = 100 rem
1 rem = 0.01 Sv

22
Q

Eo = ?

A

exposure dose
- amount of energy delivered to an object

23
Q

Ea = ?

A

Absorbed dose
- energy dissipated in object

24
Q

Es = ?

A

Scatter
- energy only partially absorbed

25
Q

Et = ?

A

Transmitted
- energy undergoes no interactions

26
Q

Eo is directly proportional to Ea. T/F

A

True

27
Q

What are factors that affect exposure dose?

A
  • amount of activity in the source
  • decay energy of the radionuclide
  • source to object DISTANCE
  • object surface area
  • absorber between the source and object
28
Q

What are factors that affect the absorbed dose?

A
  • same factors that affect Eo
    additionally: - nature or type of radiation
  • density and atomic number or irradiated objects
29
Q

What does the Equivalent Dose account for?

A

the differences in biological damaging potential of various types of radiation

30
Q

What is the formula for equivalent dose?

A

Htr = Dtr x Wr

Dtr [Gy]- average absorbed dose received by tissue (t) from radiation (r)

Wr = radiation weighting factor

Htr [Sv]

31
Q

What is the radiation weighting factor (Wr) for gamma/x-rays/photons?

A

Wr = 1

32
Q

What is the radiation weighting factor (Wr) for beta particles?

A

Wr = 1

33
Q

What is the radiation weighting factor (Wr) for alpha particles?

A

Wr = 20

34
Q

How is effective dose calculated?

A

It is the sum of all equivalent doses received by an organ x the tissue weighting factor

35
Q

What is the effective dose formula?

A

E = sum(Htr x Wt)

E [Sv]
Htr [Sv]

36
Q

What does tissue weighting factor tell us?

A

It is looking for the biological damage to specific tissues. The higher the weighting factor, the more sensitive it is.
It is based in comparison to damage to whole body doses.

37
Q

What is the relationship between exposure and time?

A

time of exposure is directly proportional to exposure dose

(ie. 18 uSv/h if you cut the time to half, the dose will be half too)

38
Q

What is the relationship between distance and exposure?

A

It is an inverse square law.

ex. if you double your distance, you decrease your dose by a rate by 4

39
Q

What is the most effective means of protection (mathematically)?

A

Distance.

40
Q

What is HVL?

A

Half value layer - thickness of any shielding material to reduce the intensity of the radiation by 50%

41
Q

What is TVL?

A

Tenth value layer - thickness of any material necessary to reduce the original intensity to 1/10 (10%)

42
Q

What is the formula for exposure rate?

A

exposure rate = ERC x A/d2

ERC - (exposure rate constant)
A - activity (Bq = 1 dps)
d = distance

43
Q

What is the formula for time?

A

I = I0 x t

I - intensity of dose or dose rate after T
I0 - original intensity
t = time

44
Q

What is the formula for distance?

A

I1/I2 = (d2/d1)^2

I1 - given intensity
I2 - asked intensity

d2 - asked distance
d1 - given distance

45
Q

What is the formula for shielding?
HVL? TVL?

A

I = I0e^-ux

HVL = I = I0/2^n

TVL = I = I0/10^n

46
Q

_____ ______ = radiobiology
_____ ______ = radiation protection

A

Biological effects = radiobiology
Radiation protection = stochastic or deterministic

47
Q

What is stochastic effect?

A

Effects that occur by CHANCE and may occur without a threshold level of dose of radiation

  • probability is proportional to the dose
  • severity is independent to dose

Cancer.

48
Q

What is deterministic effects?

A

Health effects
Severity varies with dose and the threshold is believed to exist
- generally resulted from high dose over a short time

RADP 210 - Radiation Protection (10 decks)

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