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PHA 324 > Overview/Malaria > Flashcards

Overview/Malaria Flashcards

1
Q

Classes of Protozoa

A

Ciliophora
Mastigophora
Sarcodina
Sporozoa

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2
Q

Ciliophora example

A

Balantidium coli

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3
Q

Mastigophora example

A

Giardia lambia, Trichomonas vaginalis, the trypanosomes and leishmania sp.

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4
Q
  1. Sarcodina example
A

Entamoeba histolytica

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5
Q

Sporozoa example

A

Plasmodium sp., Toxoplasma gondii

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6
Q

The main human protozoal diseases are:

A
  • malaria
  • amoebiasis
  • leishmaniasis
  • trypanosomiasis
  • trichomoniasis
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7
Q

Trichuris trichuria

A

Nematode, whipworm

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8
Q

Threadworm

A

Strongyloidis stercoralis

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9
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

A

pinworm

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10
Q

Roundworm

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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11
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale

A

Hookworm

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12
Q

Guinea worm

A

Dracunculus medinensis

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13
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

A

filarial worms
microfilaria

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14
Q

Wuchereria banchrofti

A

filarial worms

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15
Q

Brugia malayi

A

Microfilaria

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16
Q

Examples of trematodes

A

Schistosoma haematobium
S. mansoni
S. japonicum
S. intercalatum

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17
Q

Examples of cestodes

A

Taenia saginata beef tapeworm
T. solium pig tapeworm
Hymenolepis nana dwarf tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium latum fish tapeworm

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18
Q

Who is the definitive host?

A

Those in which sexual development occurs)

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19
Q

Some population groups are at considerably higher risk of contracting malaria, and developing severe disease, than others, these include:

A

Infants, children under 5 years of age
Pregnant women
People living with HIV/AIDS
Non-immune migrants
Mobile populations and travellers

20
Q

How did malaria decline or become locally eradicated in most of the ‘developed’ temperate regions?

A

With extensive eradication programmes, including:
- spraying of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
- Quinine tablets
- land use change,

21
Q

Some inherited factors protect against malaria:

A
  1. Sickle cell haemoglobin
  2. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
  3. Other red cell factors-
    - Haemoglobin C
    - Haemoglobin F
    - Thalassaemia
    - Haemoglobin E
  4. Hypergammaglobulineamia
22
Q

Symptoms of uncomplicated malaria

A

Fever, headache, body pains, vomiting, chills, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea.

23
Q

Physical signs of uncomplicated malaria

A

Fever
Tachycardia
Jaundice
Pallor
Orthostatic hypotension
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly.

24
Q

Complicated malaria symptoms

A

Prostration
Fits
Coma
Severe anaemia with or without CHF
Difficulty in breathing
Liver problems.

25
Q

Children with severe malaria frequently develop one or more of which symptoms:

A

Severe anaemia
Respiratory distress in relation to metabolic acidosis, or cerebral malaria.

26
Q

The diagnostic efficacy for malaria is subject to many factors such as

A

The different forms of the 5 malaria species.
The different stages of erythrocytic schizogony.
The endemicity of different species.
The interrelation between levels of transmission, population movement, parasitemia, immunity, and signs and symptoms; drug resistance.
The problems of recurrent malaria, persisting viable or non-viable parasitemia, and sequestration of the parasites in the deeper tissues.
The use of chemoprophylaxis or even presumptive treatment on the basis of clinical diagnosis

27
Q

Malaria diagnosis options

A

Blood film
RDTs
Molecular-biological techniques

28
Q

Quinolone types with examples

A
  • Type 1 Quinolines: 4-aminoquinolines (chloroquine, amodiaquine)
  • Type 2 Quinolines: the aryl amino alcohols (quinine, quinidine, mefloquine, halofantrine, lumefantrine)
29
Q

Malaria treatment drug types

A
  1. The quinolones
  2. The antifolates
  3. Antibiotic antimalarial
  4. Artemisinin derivatives
30
Q

The antifolates types and examples

A

Type 1 antifolates: (dihydrofolate synthase inhibitors-sulfones, sulfonamides)
Type 2 antifolates: (dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors-pyrimethamine, and biguanides)

31
Q

Factors affecting treatment plan

A

Type (species) of the infecting parasite
Area where the infection was acquired and its drug resistance status
Clinical status of the patient
Any co-morbid condition
Pregnancy
Drug allergies, or other medications taken by the patient.

32
Q

____ is still the first line treatment for P. vivax and P. ovale
____ useful for the liver forms in P. vivax and ovale.

A

Chloroquine
Primaquine

33
Q

Artemisinin has poor bioavailability. True or false?

A

True

34
Q

Artemisinin derivatives examples

A

i artesunate
ii artemether
iii. Dihydroartemisinin
iv. Artelinic acid
v. Artemotil

35
Q

Artemisinins are not used for prophylaxis because of

A

the extremely short half-life, which would require its multiple administration each day.

36
Q

The side effects from the artemisinin class of medications

A

nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and dizziness. Mild blood abnormalities have also been noted.

37
Q

Blood Schizontocides

A

Act on erythrocytic stage of the parasites e.g. artemisinin, quinine, lumefantrine, clindamycin, chloroquine, amodiaquine, atovaquone.

38
Q

Tissue Schizontocides

A

Act on primary tissue forms of plasmodia responsible for initiating the erythrocytic stage e.g. primaquine, pyrimethamine, proguanil, tetracycline

39
Q

Hypnozoitocidal drugs

A

Act on persistent liver stages of P. vivax, which causes recurrent illness e.g. primaquine, tafenoquine

40
Q

Gametocytocidal drugs

A

Act to destroy the sexual forms of parasite, thereby preventing transmission of infection to mosquitoes e.g. primaquine, artemisinins, quinine.

41
Q

Sporontocidal drugs

A

Act by affecting further development of gametocytes into oocytes within the mosquito, thus abating transmission e.g. primaquine, proguanil, chlorguanil.

42
Q

Helminth infestation constitutes a hazard to human health and a great economic loss.
Among their effects are:

A
  1. Mechanical obstruction
  2. Hypersensitivity reaction
  3. Anaemia
  4. Malnutrition
  5. Carcinoma of the bladder e.g. S. haematobium
43
Q

Describe cestodes

A
  • They have long flat ribbon-like bodies with a single anterior holdfast organ (scolex) and numerous segments.
  • They do not have a gut and all nutrients are taken up through the tegument.
44
Q

Describe trematodes

A

Trematodes (flukes) have small flat leaf-like bodies with ventral suckers and a blind sac-like gut.

45
Q

Adult helminths typically infect intermediate hosts. True or false?

A

False. Definitive.

PHA 324 (1 decks)

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