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Microbiology > Page 19-21 > Flashcards

Page 19-21 Flashcards

1
Q

The major characteristics of bacteria are based on their _________________. The size of most bacteria ranges from 0.2 μm (micrometer) to 2.0 μm
in diameter and from 2.0 μm to 8.0 μm.

A

size, shape and
arrangements

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2
Q

usually ound but can either be oval,
elongated, spherical or elliptical shape. Either they may remain as a single cell or
may aggregate together for various configurations

A

Cocci: (singular: coccus meaning berries)

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3
Q

: represented by single, discrete round cell

A

Monococcus

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4
Q

divides but the cells remain
attached to each other.

A

Diplococcus

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5
Q

: here the cells divide repeatedly in one plane to form chain
of cells.

A

Streptococcus

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6
Q

: this consists of four round cells, which divide in two planes at
right angles to one another and remain in group of four.

A

Tetracoccus

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7
Q

: here the cells divided into three planes forming a
structured like bunches of grapes giving and irregular configuration

A

Staphylococcus

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8
Q

: these cells divide in three planes but they form a cube like
configuration consisting of eight or sixteen cells but they have a regular
shape.

A

Sarcina

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9
Q

: these are rod shaped or cylindrical bacteria which either remain singly or
in pairs.

A

Bacilli

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10
Q

: appear in pairs after cell division

A

Diplobacilli

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11
Q

: occurs in chain after cell division

A

Streptobacilli

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12
Q

: oval shaped similar to cocci

A

Coccobacilli

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13
Q

: curved, comma shaped bacteria and represented by a single genus

A

Vibro

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14
Q

: spiral or spring like with multiple curvature and terminal flagella with
fairly rigid bodies.

A

Spirilla

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15
Q

: helical and flexible which move by means of axial filaments
resembling flagella but contained within an external sheath

A

Spirochete

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16
Q

check the shape of bateria

A
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17
Q

Check the structure

A
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18
Q

Structures external to the cell wall

A

Glycocalyx
Flagella
Axial filaments
Fimbriae
Pili

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19
Q

are viscous substances that surrounds the cell
composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide or both

A

Glycocalyx: (meaning sugar coat)

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20
Q

enables bacteria
to survive by attaching to surfaces, example: Streptococcus mutans attaches to
the surface of the teeth and cause dental carries,

A

Glycocalyx

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21
Q

Glycocalyx It come in
two forms:

A

a.) capsule form– the substance is organized, is firmly attached to
the cell wall, and clinically contributes to the virulence (ability to cause disease) of
bacteria due to its capacity to evade phagocytosis by hosts cells,
(b.) slime layer
form – the substance in unorganized and is loosely attached to the cell wall

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22
Q

are long filamentous appendages
that propel bacteria.

A

Flagella: (singular: flagellum, meaning whip)

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23
Q

Flagella Three basic parts:

A

Filament
Hook
Basal body

24
Q

long outermost part that
contains flagellin arranged in helix

A

Filament

25
Q

: where filament is attached to

A

hook

26
Q

: anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane

A

basal body

27
Q

The
flagella move by rotating from the basal body either in clockwise or
counterclockwise direction. Its movement is termed ________ which is can be
presented in different patterns:

A

motility

28
Q

Flagella, Its movement is termed motility which is can be
presented in different patterns:

A

Run or swim
Tumbles
Swarm

29
Q

bacterium moves in one
direction

A

Run or swim

30
Q

: periodic abrupt or random interruptions to run or swim

A

tumbles

31
Q

: rapid wavelike movement

A

swarm

32
Q

________also called endoflagella present in Spirochetes like Borrelia
burgdorferi that causes Lyme disease. The ____&&& are actually bundled fibrils
that arise at one end of Spirochetes and spiral around it. When these filaments
rotate it causes the Spirochetes to a spiral motion.

A

Axial filaments

33
Q

Fimbriae: is a type of a protein called

A

pilin

34
Q

It is a numerous hair like appendages
that surrounds the bacterium and helps to attach to hosts surfaces.

A

Fimbriae

35
Q

is another type of the protein pilin but is only presented in one or two per
bacterium. ______ helps bacterial cell to prepare DNA transfer from one cell to
another.

A

Pili

36
Q

The bacterial cell wall is a semi rigid structure protects the interior of the cell
from the outside environment. Functions:

A

1) prevents rupture of the cell,
(2)
maintain shape of cell,
(3) anchors flagella,
(4) contributes to the virulence of the
bacteria,
(5) site of action of some antibiotics, and
(6) the chemical composition
of cell is used to differentiate types of bacteria.

37
Q

The bacterial cell wall is primarily composed of network of _______________
(also called murein), either alone or in combination with other substances

A

peptidoglycan

38
Q

____________have multiple layers of peptidoglycan in its cell wall for a thick
rigid structure.

A

Gram
positive bacteria

39
Q

contains ______ awhich provide the antigenic capacity of
the bacteria making it possible to identify it upon laboratory tests.

A

teichoic

40
Q

__________ has a thin layer of peptidoglycan
making it very susceptible to mechanical breakage or environmental degradation.

A

Gram negative bacteria

41
Q

Its cell wall (outer portion) is composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, also called
endotoxin), lipoproteins and phospholipids. Functions:

A

(1) evades
phagocytosis and cell lysis,
(2) barrier to antibiotics and other enzymes, and
(3)
passage of molecules thru porin channels. Specifically, the LPS (1) provides
antigenic capacity of the bacteria, and (2) causes physiological effects when
present in the bloodstream (toxicity, fever, sepsis, shock, or death).

42
Q

There are bacteria that is composed of higher percentage of mycolic acid
in their cell walls than peptidoglycan (Mycobacterium sp, Nocardia sp.), which
prevents reaction to Gram stains. However it can be stained with a carbolfuchsin
which resist removal with acid alcohol thus called

A

acid-fast bacteria.
acid-fast bacteria.

43
Q

Structures internal to the cell wall

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nuclear area
Ribosomes
Inclusions
Endospores

44
Q

underlying the cell wall is a thin layer of ______________
composed mainly of phospholipids arranged in two rows called ________

A

plasma membrane
lipid bilayer

45
Q

The
outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer ____________________
while the inside of the bilayer ____________________

A

(polar heads) are hydrophilic or water-loving,

(nonpolar tails) are hydrophobic or water-fearing.

46
Q

Functions of plasma membrane

A

(1) entry/exit of substances in cell by selective permeability, (2)
protect and lubricate the cell, (3) cell-to-cell interactions, and (4) breakdown of
nutrients and energy production.

47
Q

The movement of materials/substances across the membrane can be either

A

Passive or Active processes

48
Q

Passive processes include

A

(1) Simple diffusion:
movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration, (2)
Facilitated diffusion: same with simple diffusion but substances are transported
across the membrane via transporter, (3) Osmosis: movement of a solvent
molecule (water) from high concentration to low concentration via a selectively
permeable membrane.

49
Q

Active processes include

A

(1) Active transport: the cell
uses energy to transport a substance from lower to higher concentration without
altering the substance, and (2) group translocation: a special type of active that
alters the substance being transported across a membrane.

50
Q

: the substance inside the plasma membrane composed mainly of
water and other substances like proteins, carbohydrates or lipids.

A

Cytoplasm

51
Q

also called nucleoid, located in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell
contains double-stranded DNA each for the bacterial chromosome and plasmid.
Bacterial chromosome contains the genetic information of the cell while plasmid
carry genes associated to antibiotic resistance, toxin production or enzyme
synthesis. Plasmid is important in gene manipulation of bacteria.

A

Nuclear area

52
Q

: present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and serve as sites
for protein synthesis. The number of ribosomes is proportional to the rate of
protein production. Ribosomes have 2 subunits: 30S (small and contains one
molecule of ribosomal [rRNA] in bacteria), and 50S subunit (larger and contains
two molecules of rRNA in bacteria). Ribosomes in bacteria are called 70S
ribosomes.

A

Ribosomes

53
Q

Inclusions: these are reserve deposits of

A

(1) metachromatic granules (used in
ATP synthesis),
(2) polysaccharide granules,
(3) lipid inclusions,
(4) sulfur
granules (energy reserve),
(5) carboxysomes (for carbon dioxide fixation),
(6) gas
vacuoles (maintain buoyancy), and
(7) magnetosomes: are iron oxide that acts
like magnet to move until attachment site.

54
Q

: these are specialized resting cell formed internal the cell
membrane when a bacterial cell goes into vegetative state (active cell that
undergoes metabolism) in a process called sporulation. The formed endospores
are released when bacterial (parent) cell is degraded. It is capable of resistance
to harsh chemicals, extreme environmental condition, and radiation. An
endospore can remain dormant for a thousand years and can return to vegetative
state by germination when endospore’s coat is triggered either by physical or
chemical damage.

A

Endospores

55
Q

is important in gene manipulation of bacteria.

A

Plasmid

Microbiology (9 decks)

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