Palubicki APWH Unit 6 Flashcards
Social Darwinism
Def: A theory used that justified that the spread of Europeans and whites made it so whites had superiority over countries. This theory was later used as a way to explain further imperialism into other various countries.
LO1: This theory allowed for imperialism to be normalized and accepted. They used it as a way to say the Europeans were the ¨survival of the fittest” so they had to control other countries and takeover.
Belgian Congo
Def: King Leopold ll made treaties with African chiefs eventually leading to him obtaining control of the Congo. King Leopold began to treat the indigenous people living there very poorly, this led to a loss of their culture. IN the Belgian Congo 10 million indigenous people were killed due to King Leopold’s actions.
LO2: Before King Leopold took over the congo it ran relatively smoothly, however, once he took over the state power was shifted severely. He implemented the use of labor, a shift within the social class, and used imperialism to gain power. As previously stated, he mistreated the indigenous people, killed millions of people, and used child labor to produce more rubber.
Berlin Conference
Def: This was a conference among the Europeans, they discussed the organization of Africa. Although they were discussing Africa, no Africans were invited to the meeting. By the end of the meeting, they agreed upon the boundaries of Africa and free movement of goods along major rivers such as the Niger River and Congo RIver.
LO2: During the Conference, the Africans had no say in their own continent’s organization. Social Darwinism was probably a common thought among the Europeans which was why the Europeans rose up to sort out the boundaries. The boundaries didn’t mean much at first although they did split up societies and unify rivalry groups. When they became independent in the 20s wars broke out due to the borders.
Settler Colonies
Def: This is a time when a bigger group of people settle on the land to make use of all of the land. For example, France drove the ottomans out of Algeria, which leads to Algeria becoming a settler colony. Settlers that are imperialistic such as the French take over one’s land, like how the French took the ottoman’ land.
LO2: State power was shifted in these situations because the whole entire land was taken over and a whole new group came in to set new rules and boundaries. The power was shifted because new groups of people came in and the previous people had to find somewhere else to go.
Suez Canal
Def: This is an 100 mile canal that is so crucial because it saves a trip around the whole continent of Africa. Thousands of unpaid workers died throughout the building of the canal. Around 1.5 million Egyptians worked on the canal for around 10 years.
LO2: State power was shifted after this because Britain obtained control of Egypt as well as the Canal when they were threatened by former Britain’s, this took the canal away from the Ottomans, shifting the power to the Europeans.
Boxer Rebellion
Def: The boxers (Chinese society) killed many Europeans and Chinese Christians to try and influence foreigners to leave China. The boxer uprising begin because they blamed the foreigners for the loss of Chinese traditions and culture within China. After the rebellion, China’s dynasties weakened and the Europeans enforced a huge indemnity on China to pay for all the lives lost, this was called the Boxer protocol.
LO3: The foreigners entering China and causing the ¨loss of culture¨ was the main external factor that led to this whole rebellion. This set back the development of China and ultimately weakened them as a nation even more than before. The cause of these external factors stopped their development of state-building.
Creation of Zulu Kingdom
Def: The British fought the Zulus because the british wanted more power. At the time, Zulu was very put together and a centralized state, however the zulus couldn’t hold on and the british eventually conquered the zulus. The Zulu´s land was given to the colonies in south africa that the British owned. Which became the Zulu Kingdom.
LO3: External forces and internal forces affected the state building of the Zulu kingdom because there was various countries and people fighting for the land so that they could gain a sense of power. The idea of imperialism caused external forces to attack and conquer other places because they wanted more and more.
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Def: Indian soldiers made up most of the British army. The British came up with this new rifle which you had to bite off greased cartridges with cow and pig fat. Many of the Indian soldiers followed the Muslim or Hindu religion and that was forbidden for them to do, they thought the British were trying to convert them to Christianity. Violence increased and the British killed thousands, they also killed the Mughal emperor and officially ended the Mughal empire. Indians won independence from Britain in 1947 and many of them established the Indian National Congress.
LO3: Internal forces like the British influenced the creation of Indian Nationalism. As the British treated the Sepoys unfairly they were able to come together in all the bad and become stronger as a nation. External forces made the British stronger as they got rid of the Mughal empire and felt more of a sense of power. The Indians were able to break away from the British which helped them build as a nation whereas they couldn’t before when they were under British rule.
Tupac Amaru ll Rebellion in Peru
Def: This resistant movement all started when Tupac Amaru arrested and executed a colonial administrator, Antonio Arriaga. This sparked an Indian Revolt against Spain, and eventually it spread to places like Peru and Bolivia. The mestizos and creoles supported Tupac in his rebellion until he abolished slavery which increased the amount of violence and they didn’t want to be apart of all the violence occurring, therefore dropping their support. Tupac attempted to capture Cuzco but later was captured, tortured, and executed.
LO3: External factors effected the state building that Tupac attempted. He tried to build up Peru but went too far when he tried to gain powers of other states such as Cuzco. Other states fought against him as they didn’t want him to steal what was theirs. Peru was reshaped and changed because once Tupac died another person had to take place and reinforce a sense of nationalism.
Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement
Def: This was a resistant movement between the British and Xhosa people who did not want to be ruled by the Europeans. Some of the Xhosa’s cattle began to get sick and die, they thought this might be because their cattle were getting diseases from the British people. This led to the Xhosa people killing all of their cattle (around 400,000 cattle) in hopes of spirits getting rid of the British people. The effect of this was famine and the deaths of thousands of people.
LO3: Internal factors such as the British caused the Xhosa people to want to break away and be independent. As their cattle got sick they assumed it was because of the British(not the case) and led to them killing all of their cattle. The loss of all of their cattle set back the building of their economy because it caused death and famine within the region.
Export Economy
Def: The production and need for natural materials such as cotton which is then manufactured and exported to other countries. Exportation was pointed towards tropical climates that could not produce these raw materials.
LO4: Environmental factors affected these export economies because they depended on the making of the raw materials. Raw materials such as cotton and rubber depended on the weather conditions and area to produce quality materials. The natural rubber is made from latex sap within the trees, the latex softens when warm and hardens when cold.
Economic Imperialism
Def: This was created when businesses began to take natural resources outside of their borders to have more power. This is when foreign businesses have more economic power or control over other states.
LO5: Economic factors that contributed to economic imperialism developing global economies is how the businesses would create power for themselves as they took over various natural resources to export. The natural resources would create money for the business to build up themselves as well as the economy around them.
Opium Wars
Def: This war was solely caused by drugs. King George lll (Britain’s king) was addicted to the drug opium, he began to give it to his citizens as well. It became so addictive that the citizens couldn’t do almost anything sober, this led to King George lll banning opium form the British. However, the drug was making a lot of money that they didn’t want to lose, so they continued to sell the drug.
LO5: The British couldn’t stop selling Opium because it brought too much money into there economy that wasn’t worth losing to them. This contributed to there development of there economy because it helped build up Britain and improve, however while illegally still selling the Opium to China it created problems among the British and Chinese. The Chinese ended up losing a significant amount of money because they put a lot of it into stopping the trade of Opium, and it resulted in them losing their trading freedom.
Chinese and Indian Indentured Servitude
Def: This is when people were forced to work a specific amount of years before being let out into freedom. People became a part of this to be able to pay for transportation so they could move into a community with better opportunities, others were forced to work so they could pay off their debts. Chinese and Indian workers were mislead or demanded into becoming a part of this. It all started when Britain ended their slave trade, as a replacement, they began to import Chinese into various places (Southeast Asia, Africa, Caribbean) to serve as labor workers (many of them worked on sugar plantations) , much like the slavery they had just “ended.” Eventually, a treaty was put into place that banned the contracts of the Chinese and Indian workers.
LO6: Environmental factors that affected the patterns of migrations were how the workers were put onto different plantations that had different growing seasons, which affected when the workers would move. 80% of the Chinese and Indians worked on sugar plantations in Cuba, however, the other 20% worked for the British, French, Dutch, and Spanish colonies. There were different migration patterns as the different workers were needed for different reasons to work on plantations, etc.
Migrant Workers
Def: This is a person who moves to another country to look for jobs/ employment, many of these people move temporarily. In Argentina, many Britains were emigrating here as a way to seek opportunities to be businessmen, traders, bankers, and engineers. They settled here to make a better life for themselves not to leave poverty or persecution. On the other hand, Japan created a COlonization Society, the goal of this was to decrease the size of Japan’s population and export goods. Many Japanese were sent to Peru for contract work, and to the US for studies.
LO7: People such as the Japanese and British were emigrating/immigrating to different areas to seek better job opportunities or just for work in general. This affected the patterns of migration because groups of people were migrating at one time to specific areas and changing up what migration would normally look like.
