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Geography > Paper 1 Natural hazards > Flashcards

Paper 1 Natural hazards Flashcards

1
Q

what is a natural hazard?

A

a natural process which could cause death or disruption to humans or destroy property and possessions.

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2
Q

has a natural disaster already happened or not?

A

YES

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3
Q

what are geological hazards? Give 3 examples.

A

Caused by land and tectonic processes
-volcanoes
-earthquakes
-landslides
-avalanches

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4
Q

what are meteorological hazards? Give 3 examples.

A

Caused by weather and climate
-tropical storms (tornado, hurricanes and cyclones)
-heatwaves
-cold spells

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5
Q

what is hazard risk?

A

the probability of people being affected by a hazard in a particular area.

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6
Q

Give 3 factors that can affect hazard risk.

A

-vulnerability
-capacity to cope
-nature of the natural hazard

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7
Q

How does vulnerability affect hazard risk?

A

-the more people there are in an area, the greater the risk that they will be affected, as there is a higher probability.

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8
Q

How does capacity to cope affect hazard risk?

A

-the better a population can cope with an event, the lower the risk that they are badly affected.
e.g. HIC can cope better as they can afford defences and to evacuate people, for floods.

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9
Q

How does the nature of natural hazard affect the risk?

A

The type of the hazard because some have greater risks than others
The frequency as if they occur more often they have a higher risk
The magnitude as the highest magnitude usually have the greatest effects.

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10
Q

Give some primary effects of natural hazards.

A

-buildings and roads can be destroyed
-people are injured or killed
-crops and water supplies can be damaged
-supplies can be cut off e.g. electricity

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11
Q

Give some secondary effects of natural hazards.

A

-initial hazard can trigger other hazards
-aid and emergency vehicles may be blocked off to help.
-a shortage of clean water or a lack of sanitation
-food shortages if crops are damaged etc
-the countries economy weakens due to lots of reconstruction and unemployment.

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12
Q

Give some immediate responses of natural hazards.

A

-evacuation
-treat the injured and rescue people cut off
-recover dead bodies
-temporary supplies of electricity and gas
-provide food, drink and shelter
-foreign governments or charities can send aid or supplies or donations to help.

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13
Q

Give some long-term responses of natural hazards.

A

-repair homes or rehouse people
-rebuild buildings, roads etc
-reconnect electricity and water supplies, as well as communication connections.
-improve warnings for the future
-boost economy recovery e.g. by tourism.

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14
Q

Tectonic plates
State the 4 layers of the earth

A

inner core
outer core
mantle
crust

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15
Q

What are the two types of crust.

A

Continental and Oceanic

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16
Q

Give 2 characteristics of continental crust.

A

It is thicker and less dense

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17
Q

Give 2 characteristics of oceanic crust.

A

It is thinner and more dense

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18
Q

what is the place called where plates meet?

A

Plate margins or boundaries

19
Q

What are the three types of plate margin?

A

-Destructive
-Constructive
-Conservative

20
Q

Explain what happens at destructive plate margins?

A

-two plates move towards each other

-when an oceanic meets a continental, the denser oceanic plate sub-ducts and is destroyed, creating magma - volcanoes and ocean trenches can occur.

-when two continental meet, the ground is folded upwards, creating fold mountains.

21
Q

Explain what happens at constructive plate margins?

A

-two plates are moving away from each other

-magma rises from the mantle and through the gap, it cools, creating new crust.

22
Q

Explain what happens at conservative plate margins?

A

-two plates moving sideways past each other or in the same direction at different speeds

-no crust is created or destroyed
-no volcanoes are found here, but often earthquakes.

23
Q

where do volcanoes occur?

A

They occur at destructive and constructive plate margins
-at destructive, the denser plate moves down into the mantle, forming magma which rises through cracks and erupts causing a volcano.
-at constructive, magma rises up the gap to fill the gap, forming a volcano.

24
Q

What happens when a volcano erupts?

A

-lava and gases are emitted
-some emit lots of ash, which can block our the sun and form pyroclastic flows.

25
Q

where do earthquakes occur?

A

All three plate margins.
-at destructive tension builds as the plates get stuck as they move past each other
-at constructive tension builds along cracks as they move away from each other.
-at conservative tension builds as the plates get stuck grinding past.

26
Q

how do earthquakes then occur

A

shock waves sent out, these vibrations are the earthquake. they spread out from the focus, which is the strongest point.
the epicentre is the point on the earth’s surface above the focus.

27
Q

how are earthquakes measured?

A

they are measured using the magnitude scale.
a magnitude of 7 would be 10 x worse than a magnitude of 6.
-below 6 would only cause slight damage
-above 7 can cause major damage and death

28
Q

Case study- Chile
Main information

A

-February 27th 2010
-magnitude of 8.8
-earthquake
-epicentre was offshore

29
Q

Give some primary effects of the Chile 2010 earthquake.

A

-500 killed
-12,000 injured
-800,000 affected
-220,000 homes, 4500 schools and others destroyed
-the port and airport of Santiago was badly damaged
-most of Chile lost power, water and communication
-the cost was 30 billion US dollars

30
Q

Give some secondary effects of the Chile 2010 earthquake.

A

-1500km of roads damaged
-coastal towns were devastated by tsunami waves
-a fire at a chemical plant near Santiago had to be evacuated.

31
Q

Give some immediate responses for the Chile 2010 earthquake.

A

-emergency services acted fast, as well as international help
-temporary repairs made to a highway within 24 hours to enable aid
-power and water was restored to 90% of homes in 10 days
-a national appeal raised 60 million to build emergency shelters.

32
Q

Give some long-term responses for the Chile 2010 earthquake.

A

-a month after, the government launched a housing reconstruction plan to help 200,000 households that were affected
-their strong economy based on copper exports could be rebuild without aid
-president announced it would take 4 years to recover fully.

33
Q

Where is Chile on the GDP-wealth indicator

A

38th out of 193 countries

34
Q

Case study- Nepal earthquake
Main information

A

-25th April, 2015
-on a destructive pate boundary
-7.8 magnitude

35
Q

Give some primary effects for the Nepal 2015 earthquake.

A

-9000 killed and 22,000 injured
-800,000 buildings were damaged or destroyed
-4 million people were left homeless
-cost was over 5 billion US dollars
-roads and bridges were destroyed
-2 million people were left without access to clean water

36
Q

Give some secondary effects for the Nepal 2015 earthquake.

A

-triggered avalanches on mount Everest, killing 18 people.
-roads were blocked by landslides, preventing aid from reaching remote areas.
-a lack of clean water caused outbreaks of typhus, killing 13 people

37
Q

Give some immediate responses for the Nepal 2015 earthquake.

A

-India and China sent rescue teams
-People tried to recover dead bodies and treat the injured, but blocked roads prevented this
-Charities e.g. Oxfam provided medicine, food and temp water supplies
-the red cross set up emergency shelters for 130,000 families who were now homeless.

38
Q

Give some long-term responses for the Nepal 2015 earthquake.

A

-the world bank group financed 500 million dollars worth of projects to build now stable buildings
-road was reopened after 2 years between Nepal and Tibet
-heritage sites were reopened in June to encourage tourists
-water supply was finally restored

39
Q

Why do people choose to live in hazardous areas?

A

-cannot afford to move
-always lived there
-don’t want to leave family or jobs
-confident that the government will support them in an event
-minerals from volcanic ash makes areas nearby have fertile soil which is good for farmers.

40
Q

how can monitoring reduce the effects of hazards?

A

earthquakes- seismometers can monitor the earth’s movements and can be used to warn people earlier on.
volcanoes- scientists can monitor signs for an eruption.(small changes in normal activity)

41
Q

how can prediction reduce the effects of hazards?

A

earthquakes- cannot be reliably predicted but can they forecasts when they might occur, monitoring movements.
volcanoes- have to monitor them closely

42
Q

how can protection reduce the effects of hazards?

A

earthquakes- new buildings can absorb the energy created or existing ones can be strengthened to withstand them. automatic shut-off switches can turn of electricity supplies to prevent fires.

volcanoes- buildings can be strengthened so they don’t collapse under the weight of ash

43
Q

how can planning reduce the effects of hazards?

A

-future developments can avoid high risk areas
-emergency services can prepare by practicing what to do in an emergency
-people can be educated what to do
-plan evacuation routes and practice using these
-stock up on emergency supplies.

Geography (11 decks)

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