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Psychology TALLY DARLING <3 xxx > PAPER 1 - Social Influence > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - Social Influence Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of CONFORMITY ?

A

compliance, identification, internalisation

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2
Q

What is COMPLIANCE ?

A
  • weakest form
  • changing behaviour to be accepted
  • have these views publicly not privately
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3
Q

Give an example of compliance.

A

e.g. you say you like a band to your friends but don’t listen to them at home

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4
Q

What is IDENTIFICATION ?

A
  • intermediate level
  • temporary change in belief
  • you do it both publicly and privately to be accepted
  • is strong because it involves private change
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5
Q

Give an example of identification.

A

e.g. soldiers in the army may adopted certain behaviour but lose it when they return home

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6
Q

What is INTERNALISATION ?

A
  • deepest level
  • permanent change
  • take on new attitudes / beliefs
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7
Q

Give an example of internalisation.

A

e.g. sometimes people start going to church and their attitudes and beliefs change so they become Christians

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8
Q

What are the 3 variables that affect conformity ?

A
  • Group size
  • Unanimity
  • Task difficulty
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9
Q

What is the AGENTIC STATE ?

A

putting the responsibility of our actions on someone else

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10
Q

What is the AUTONOMOUS STATE ?

A

when we take responsibility for our own actions

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11
Q

What are BINDING FACTORS ?

A

aspects of situation that allow a person to ignore the damaging effect of their behaviour

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12
Q

What is LEGITIMATE AUTHORITY ?

A

we are more likely to obey when we believe an authority is legitimate

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13
Q

What are the two explanations for obedience ?

A

agentic state and legitimate authority

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14
Q

What are the traits of someone with an authoritarian personality ?

A
  • hostile
  • fairly rigid in beliefs
  • conventional / traditional
  • dogmatic

(Adorno F-scale)

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of INTERNAL LoC ?

A
  • independent
  • active seekers of info
  • less likely to conform / obey
  • don’t rely on external opinions
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16
Q

What are the characteristics of EXTERNAL LoC ?

A
  • less independent
  • rely on others for info
  • more likely to conform / obey
  • rely on external opinions
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17
Q

Who studied conformity ? (1)

A

ASCH (1951)

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18
Q

How did ASCH study conformity ?

A

LINE STUDY

  • 123 US males asked to take part in ‘visual perception task’
  • Put in groups of 7-9 with real P always being in the penultimate position
  • P’s asked to match one standard line with 3 comparison lines
    -E briefed the confederates to all give wrong answer 12/18 times
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19
Q

What were the results of ASCH’S study ?

A

75% at least once
25% never
5% every time
37% conformity rate overall

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20
Q

What was the conclusion of ASCH’S study ?

A

A high level of conformity was demonstrated compared to a control condition (no C’s) where the error rate (wrong answers) was just 1%

COMPLIANCE = NORMATIVE influence

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21
Q

Asch A03- Child of the times

A

P- More representative of when the study was conducted than it is today

E-Perrin and Spencer (1980) found that just one conforming response in 396 trials. P’s felt more confident measuring lines than Asch’s original sample, so were less conformist than 1950s America

E-Shows the Asch effect is not consistent over time, lacks temporal validity

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22
Q

Asch A03- Only applies to certain situations

A

E- P’s answered out loud and were with a group of strangers they wanted to impress. Conformity could be higher than usual.

Williams and Sogon (1984) found conformity was higher when the majority were friends rather than strangers.

E- Asch effect varies depending on circumstances

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23
Q

Asch A03- Only apply to certain groups

A

E-Only men were tested by Asch. Neto (1995) suggested that women might be more conformist as they are more concerned about social relationships = andocentric

P’s were also only from the USA, an individualistic culture. Smith and Bond (1998) suggest that conformity rates are higher in collectivist cultures as they are more concerned of group needs.,

E-Suggests that conformity may be even higher than what Asch found

24
Q

Who studied conformity ? (2)

A

SHERIF

25
Q

How did SHERIF study conformity ?

A

AUTO-KINETIC EFFECT EXPERIMENT

  • Ps in dark room with one point of light that seems to move
  • make estimates alone
  • make estimates in groups of 3
  • make estimates alone
26
Q

What were the results of SHERIF’S study ?

A 
ALONE = own stable estimates 
GROUP = estimates converged and became more alike 
ALONE = estimates were more like the group
27
Q

What was the conclusion of SHERIF’S study ?

A

In an ambiguous situation people will tend to look for other for guidance

INTERNALISATION = INFORMATIONAL influence

28
Q

Who studied conformity to social roles ?

A

ZIMBADO - Stanford Prison Experiment

29
Q

How did ZIMBADO study conformity to social roles ?

A
  • Basement of Stanford Uni
    -students responded to ads saying play a role for two weeks and $15 a day (21 male collage students replied)
  • Prisoners trated like criminals
    -arrested at their own homes, taken to the station blindfolded, stripped of their belongings and finger printed
  • Prisoners reffered to as a number and given uniforms
  • Guards given uniform and sunglasses to be dehumanised
30
Q

What were the results of ZIMBADO’S study ?

A
  • After a few hours of the experiment, the guards began to harass the P’s
    -behaved brutal and sadistic
    -prisoners were insulted
  • Prisoners turned against each other and snitched
  • The more submissive and hostile the prisoners were the more mostile and agresssive the guards became
31
Q

Zimbardo A03- control over variables

A

P-P’s selected were emotionally stable individuals that were randomly chosenand assigned to the roles of the guards and prisoners.(Ruled out individual personailty differences)

E- Means that we can be sure their behaviour of each role was due to the pressures of the situation and not their personality.

E- increases internal validity of the study so we can be more confident pf conclusions of the study

32
Q

Zimbardo A03-Lack of realism

A

P- Banuazizi and Mohavedi (1975) argued the P’s were ‘play acting’ rather than genuinely conforming to their roles

E- Their behaviour was based off of stereotypes of how prisoners and guards behave.
-explains why the prisoners rioted as that’s what they thought prisoners do
-However, Zimbardo’s data showed that 90% of all conversations were to do with prison life. Also prisoner 416 thought it was a real prison but run by psychologists.

E-Seems as if it was real to the Ps so there was a high degree of internal validity

33
Q

A03 Zimbardo- Role of dispositional influences

A

P- Fromm (1973) accused Zimbardo of exaggerating the power of the situation to influence behaviour, and minimising the role of personality factors

E- E.g only a minority of the guards behaved in a brutal manner, others applied the rules fairly and the rest sympathised with the prisoners and gave them cigarettes

E-Suggests that Zimbardo’s conclusion may be over-stated as the differences in their behaviour indicate that they were able to exercise right and wrong choices.

34
Q

What is OBEDIENCE ?

A
  • within HIERARCHY
  • emphasis on POWER
  • pp embrace obedience to explain behaviour
35
Q

What is CONFORMITY ?

A
  • between EQUAL STATUS
  • emphasis on ACCEPTANCE
  • pp deny conformity
36
Q

Who investigated obedience to an authority ?

A

MILGRAM (1963) - Electric shock

37
Q

How did MILGRAM study obedience to an authority ?

A
  • teacher / learner (always teacher)
  • read word pairs
  • read first word and match second
  • wrong = shock
38
Q

What were the results of MLGRAM’S study ?

A 
300 volts - 100%
12.5% stopped there 

450 volts - 65%
39
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of legitimate authority ?

A

APPLICATIONS

  • Kelman and Hamilton
  • My Lai Massacre
  • power hierarchy of US Army

RESEARCH EVIDENCE

  • Tarnow (2000)
  • dependence on captain
  • second officer didn’t bring up odd behaviour
40
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of legitimate authority ?

A

OTHER EXPLANATIONS

  • gradual commitment
  • obey small requests leads to bigger ones
  • cannot assume legitimate authority is the only reason

JUSTIFY HARMING OTHERS
- no longer feel own moral values

41
Q

What is the STRENGTH of authoritarian personality ?

A

SUPPORT RESEARCH

  • Dambrun & Vatine
  • correlation between pps RWA score maximum voltage shock administered to the victim
  • highest score = most obedient
42
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of authoritarian personality ?

A

SOCIAL CONTEXT MORE IMPORTANT
- explains obedience better than disposition

EDUCATION MAY DETERMINE AUTHORITARIANISM AND OBEDIENCE

  • less educated are more obedient
  • lack of obedience may be responsible rather than authoritarianism

NOT ALL OBEDIENT P’s SHOWED ALL THE FEATURES OF AN AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
- not all obedient pps had difficult relationship with fathers

43
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of LoC ?

A

RESEARCH EVIDENCE

  • Atgis
  • meta-analysis
  • avg. correlation between LoC and conformity = 0.37
  • genuinely is a higher rate of conformity within externals

RESEARCH EVIDENCE

  • Oliner and Oliner
  • compared 406 who had rescued jews with 126 who didn’t
  • rescuers had higher internal
  • internal is a factor in resisting pressure to obey authority
44
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of LoC ?

A

CORRELATION METHOD
- don’t know cause and effect

LACK OF CONTROL

  • Oliner and Oliner
  • no cause and effect
45
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of social support ?

A

RESEARCH SUPPORT
- Allen and Levine = similar study to Asch, dissenter allowed conformity to decrease

  • Gamson = did not obey when asked to give evidence - pps where in groups
46
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of reasons to conform ?

A

RESEARCH EVIDENCE

  • Asch
  • normative social influence
  • 75% at least once
  • 5% every time

RESEARCH EVIDENCE

  • Sherif
  • informational social influence

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT

  • extraneous variables controlled
  • replicated = reliable
47
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of reasons to conform ?

A

SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY

  • alternate explanation
  • part of an ‘in-group’
  • more likely to conform from pressure within our group

LAB EXPERIMENT

  • lacks ecological validity
  • demand characteristics
48
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of Zimbado’s study ?

A

UNETHICALLY SOUND
- prisoners psychologically damaged

POPULATION VALIDITY
- only male students

VALIDITY

  • guard based role on film character
  • not all guards conformed
49
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of Milgram’s study ?

A

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT

  • high control
  • cause and effect
  • reliable

RESEARCH EVIDENCE

  • Bickman
  • uniforms
  • provide coin for parking metre
50
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of Milgram’s study ?

A

LACK INTERNAL VALIDITY

  • Orne and Holland
  • extra manipulation = demand characteristics

ETHICAL ISSUES

  • deception
  • protection from psychological harm
51
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the agentic state ?

A

APPLICATIONS

  • nazi criminals
  • defended in court
  • just following orders

RESEARCH EVIDENCE

  • Milgram
  • pp demonstrated moral strain
  • disobeyed no longer had strain emotions
  • in autonomous state
52
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of the agentic state ?

A

OTHER EXPLANATIONS

  • French and Raven
  • 5 different types of power
  • Milgram’s conclusion may be inaccurate

DESCRIBES RATHER THAN EXPLAINS

  • does not say HOW agentic takes over
  • harder to carry out research to test theory
53
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of social support ?

A

SUPPORT MUST BE GIVEN EARLY

  • from the start conformity drops from 32% to 5.5%
  • later only drops to 8.5%

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

  • you don’t always copy the behaviour
  • people around you might litter but you may disagree with it
54
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of minority influence ?

A

METHODOLOGY

  • lab experiment
  • high control
  • cause and effect
  • internal validity

RESEARCH SUPPORT
- Wood et al = meta-analysis - minority are still persuasive when compared to ‘control’ conditions

APPLICATIONS

  • social change
  • votes for women
55
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of minority influence ?

A

ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY

  • not normally asked if slides are green or blue
  • consistent minority might not always be able to influence majority

OTHER THEORIES

  • people move to members if their ‘in-group’
  • we feel we share a membership

Psychology TALLY DARLING <3 xxx (11 decks)

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