paper 2- Health and the People

Question 1

How did the collapse of the Roman Empire affect Europe?

Answer 1

medicine did not improve and if anything, got worse (AD500)
no money for aqueducts, baths etc.
much medical knowledge was lost.

Question 2

Where did medieval ideas about health come from? (looking at Galen, Hippocrates and Arabic medicine)

Answer 2

Doctors studied Galen as his teachings fit the message of the church.

People believed in the Four Humours because of Hippocrates and Galen.

Using astrology to diagnose people became popular in Europe between 1100 and 1300 from Islamic medicine.

The idea that illness was caused by God prevented cures from being made.

Question 3

Who would you go to in the Middle Ages for treatment, and what would they do?

Answer 3

Houses were crammed together and businesses were not in s separate location.

There was no clean drinking water and people threw their waste into the Thames or the streets.

Question 4

Was the Christian Church a positive influence on the healthcare in the Middle Ages?

Answer 4

Didn’t allow dissection of humans, so hindered research about the human body.

Believed God caused disease and people shouldn’t be treated.

believed that human bodies were created to be perfect.

founded many hospitals.

Question 5

Who helped surgery to improve in the Middle Ages?

Answer 5

Early 13th century- Hugh and Theodoric from Italy questioned Galen’s ideas .
realised pus was not healthy and dressing wounds in wine prevented infection.

1376- John of Arderne created an anaesthetic from hemlock, opium and henbane which could kill someone.

Question 6

What factors influenced medieval surgery the most?

Answer 6

The Roman Catholic church banning human dissection.

No access to anaesthetic and the dangers of blood loss.

Question 7

How did people respond to the Black Death?

Answer 7

(1348)
causes people thought:
Jews poisoning wells
Planets
Miasma
God

treatments:
people quarantined and drank mercury

Question 8

How and why did medical ideas begin to change in the Renaissance?

Answer 8

doctors had access to original writings.

people based their knowledge of the human body through experimentation.

16th century, Protestant Christianity reduced the influence of the catholic church.

Question 9

What new challenges were there to people’s health in the Industrial period?

Answer 9

peoples houses were closer together and pollution was strong

Question 10

Has Florence Nightingale’s significance been exaggerated?

Answer 10

yes, in the sense that other people did similar things and were not credited.

Question 11

Why was Joseph Lister more successful than Semmelweis at getting hospitals to clean up?

Answer 11

because people were more open to the idea

Question 12

What were the main turning points in the creation of the Welfare State in Britain?

Answer 12

nhs

Question 13

What factors have been key in the development of Public Health over time?

Answer 13

living conditions
government
etc

Question 14

Who contributed the most to the development of penicillin, the first antibiotic?

Answer 14

Howard Florey as he took the drug to America to finally make it accessible to people.
Discovered how to purify penicillin between 1938 and 1940.
Brought to America in 1941.

Question 15

Astrology

Answer 15

developed in Islamic medicine and brought to Europe between 1100 and 1300.

Question 16

Alchemy

Answer 16

trying to turn metals into gold to find the elixir of life- lead to the invention of distillation and sublimation.

Question 17

The Black Death

Answer 17

first arrived in Britain in 1348
January 1349, King Edward III closed parliament

Question 18

The Great Plague

Answer 18

struck London in 1665

victims quarantined with a red cross

public spaces closed

bodies buried away in mass graves

Great Fire of London 1666

Question 19

Doctors and Surgeons being taken more seriously

Answer 19

College of Physicians in 1518.
started licencing doctors in 1600.

London College of surgeons in 1800.

Question 20

John Hunter

Answer 20

1728-1793

was present at over 2000 dissections in 12 years

in 1785, he treated an aneurysm by tying off the blood vessel.
This prevented an amputation.

Question 21

Florence Nightingale

Answer 21

1820-1910

studied to be a nurse in 1849

Crimean war in 1853-185 reduced hospital death rates from 42 to 2%

published ‘Notes on Nursing’ in 1859

Set up the Nightingale School of Nursing.

Question 22

Jenner and Smallpox

Answer 22

in 1751 there were over 3500 deaths as a result of smallpox.

Only prevention was inoculation.

Edward Jenner was born in 1749 in Gloucestershire

tested his theory on James Phipps in 1796.

published his findings in 1798

Vaccination became compulsory in 1853

Question 23

Louis Pasteur

Answer 23

employed in 1852 to find out why sugar beet used in alcohol was souring.

proved there were germs in the air with a sealed jar of water and open one.

published ‘Germ Theory’ in 1861

1867 published evidence that germs caused disease

found anthrax and rabies vaccine in 1877

Question 24

Robert Koch

Answer 24

Pasteur’s rival as Germany beat France in the Franco-Prussian War

found the anthrax bacteria in 1876
and the cholera bacteria in 1883 using agar jelly.

Question 25

Paul Ehrlich

Answer 25

discovered dyes that killed malaria in 1889
created an arsenic compound as a ‘magic bullet’ for syphilis in1911 after 600 failed attempts.

Question 26

Anaesthetics

Answer 26

Horace Wells used Laughing gas in 1845 but it was ineffective on his patient.

James Simpson discovered the effects of Chloroform in 1847
Queen Vic gave birth to her 8th child in 1853 using Chloroform.

Question 27

Joseph Lister and Antiseptics

Answer 27

Ignaz Semmelweis’ idea rejected

Lister heard about Germ Theory and started using carbolic acid on his instruments and bandages in the 1860s.

reduced death rates in 50% in 1864-66 to 15% in 1867-70

by 1912, the number of operation was ten times higher because of antiseptics.

Question 28

Cholera and John Snow

Answer 28

reached Britain in 1831.
over 21000 deaths in 1832

John Snow made the connection between cholera and contaminated water in 1853-54.

Took the handle off of the Broad Street Pump.

Question 29

Edwin Chadwick

Answer 29

1842, Edwin Chadwick published his report on poverty which pushed Parliament to pass a Public Health Act which happened in 1848.

Question 30

The Great Stink

Answer 30

In the summer of 1858.

parliament stopped meeting.

Joseph Bazalgette designed a new sewer system in 1859.

officially opened in 1865.

Question 31

Penicillin

Answer 31

In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin, a fungus that killed bacteria

Between 1938 and 1940, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey purified penicillin.

Florey brought it to America in 1941 and it was produced in Britain in 1943.

All three were awarded a Nobel Prize in 1945.

Question 32

Poverty and the Beveridge Report

Answer 32

the Boer War of 1899 showed that 40% of volunteers were too unfit for military service.

William Beveridge published the Beveridge report in 1942
suggested a welfare state.
Labour were elected in 1945 and introduced the National Insurance Act in 1946.

Question 33

The NHS

Answer 33

The Labour Government implemented Beveridge’s proposal of a National Health Service
The NHS was created in 1948
Conservatives couldn’t abolish it when back in power in 1951

Question 34

Ambroise Pare

Answer 34

French Barber Surgeon
ran out of oil for cauterisation so instead used cool salve.

Tied the blood vessels together with ligatures which is less painful but increases chance of infection.

Question 35

Avicenna

Answer 35

A Persian who lived from AD 980-1037

Wrote ‘Canon of Medicine’ and brought classic ideas to Western Europe.

Question 36

Galen

Answer 36

AD 129

Added Miasma to the four humour theory.
Miasma was accepted until 1860s.

Question 37

Hippocrates

Answer 37

c. 460-c.377BC

The four Humours

Question 38

William Harvey

Answer 38

Born in 1578

Padua University

Royal Physician to James 1 and Charles 1.

‘On the motion of the Heart and Blood’ (1628)

Question 39

Vesalius

Answer 39

Born in 1514
Padua University

Dissected criminals

The Fabric of the Human Body- 1543

Helped point out Galen’s mistake