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Theology and Philosophy > Paper 2 section 2 celebration and pilgrimage > Flashcards

Paper 2 section 2 celebration and pilgrimage Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Christian calendar mainly structured around?

A

Christmas and Easter, with a penitental season for believers to spritually prepare, with advent being before christmas and lent beofre Easter

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2
Q

What is:

Luke’s account of the Birth of Jesus

A

Caesus augustus did a census and angels talked to the sheperds making it inclusive for everyone. Jesus was also born in a manger.

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3
Q

What is:

Matthew’s accounf of the Birth of Jesus

A

King herod sent the wise men who delivered gifts, and messages from the prophets which tried to convince Jews that it is truly the messiah.

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4
Q

Why are Luke’s and Matthew’s account of the bible different?

A
  • Luke was a gentile and tried to emphasise that the Messiah is for all, even the low-ranking members of society and females
  • Matthew was writing to Jews so he emphasises that Jesus is the messiah and fulfils the old Testament, so focuses more on prophecies.
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5
Q

Why is:

Christmas on the 25th of December

A

It was believed to be the shortest day of the year, symbolizing darkness and as time goes on, there is more and more light.
Orthodox churches do not believe this however, and celebrate Christmas in Early January in relation to Lent

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6
Q

Who greatly reinforced the image of Christmas being a day of relaxaton and being generous to one’s neighbour?

A

Charles Dicken in the book A Christmas Carol

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7
Q

Where was the origins of:

Christmas tree
Father christmas

A

In germany with the star representing the nativity star and the gifts representing the wise old men’s ones.
FatherChristmas was from stories of Saint Nicholas who gave bags of gold without anyone knowing by putting it through the chimney, which promotes genorosity

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8
Q

What are the different ways that:

Christians celebrate Christmas

A
  • Advent
  • Carol services
  • Nativity scene
  • Gifts as Christmas
  • Carols at Christmas
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9
Q

What do Christians do during:

Advent

A
  • This is a penitential season leading to Christmas, meaning “coming towards”, awaiting the celebration of the incarnation of God in Chirst at Bethlehem
  • This looks forward to an end time when Jesus will come back to judge the world
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10
Q

How do Christians celebrate:

Carol Services

A

This is done on Christmas Eve with a service of 9 carols celebrating God becoming human which tell the tale of how this happen

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11
Q

What is the importance of:

The Nativity Scene

A
  • This is to recall Jesus’ birth in a manger (Luke’s account)
  • The 3 wise men are sometimes there
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12
Q

What is the importance of:

Gifts at Christmas

(quotation needed)

A
  • Christians give presents at Christmas to celebrate God’s gift of his son.
  • “For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only son”
  • Recalls Matthew’s account of the birth of Jesus where wise men bought gold
  • This leads to Christmas being heavily commercialised, so some Christians are wary of placing too much importnace to this, as this can encourage self-centerdness rather than sharing.
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13
Q

What is the importance of:

Carols at Christmas

A

Christmas Carols are sung to recall the joy around Jesus, and the significance of this in Christian lives today

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14
Q

What is for Chrsitians the:

Significance of Christmas

A
  • Fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy
  • Reminder of future Messianic sacrifice
  • Reminder of the incarnation
  • A message for all people
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15
Q

Why is:

The fulfilment of the old testmant prophecy at Christmas significant?

A
  • Isiah prophecised this
  • Suggests that Jesus is the Messiah
  • Shows that God can deliver on his promises
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16
Q

Why at Christmas is:

A reminder of future Messianic sacrifice significant

A
  • Isiah emphasised that the purpose of the Messiah was to sacrifice himself so that Humans can have eternal life
  • Reminds Christians of debt that Jesus atoned for to get into a right relationship with God
  • Shows purpose of the Messiah is sacrificial
  • Enocurages Christians to express gratitude through prayer to thank God giving his son as an atoning sacrifice
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17
Q

Why at Christmas is:

A reminder of the incarnation significant

(quote needed)

A
  • Reminds Christians that God is close because God came down to Earth in human form through Jesus
  • “For God so loved the World that he gave his one and only Son”
  • Suggests that when God did not have to, he made a plan of salvation so that followers can acheive eternal life in heaven
  • Reminds Chrsitians of God’s omnibenevolence as God offered this route out of punishment
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18
Q

Why at Christmas is:

the reminder that it is a message for all significant?

A
  • It reminds them that salvation from sin through Jesus’ death is for everyone and not just some people, through Luke’s account of the gospel.
  • The humble surroudings of a manger emphasises that the message of God is for all
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19
Q

What were the implications of the changes between the:

2011 and 2021 census

A
  • 13.1% decreas in Christianity
  • 12% increase in atheism
  • Suggests significance of Christmas is decreasing and is more regarded as a fun time than as a religious celebration
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20
Q

What is argued by:

A chistmas Carol by Charles Dickens

A
  • The meaning of Christmas is giving love, presents, being generous and getting together, which is a universal message, meaning that being religious is not neccesary
  • This is arguably more inclusive than the gospel message as belief is needed for the gospel messages
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21
Q

Why can it be argued that:

Christmas has lost a lot of meaning

A
  • Christmas has been highly commercialised by businesses and is absorbed by materialism
  • This means people focus more on what presents they are getting than giving and the actual meaning of chistmas itself
  • Christmas is contradictory as it is meant to celebrate the plan of sprititual salvation, but ends up drowned by materialism, the opposite
  • Pope Francis in 2016 said Christmas had been taken hostage by materialism, and more humility was needed
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22
Q

Why can:

Santa Claus take meaning away from the traditional Christmas story

A
  • The idea of Santa Claus makes children pay more attention to presents and imaginary Santa Claus and less on Christianity and the gift of Jesus
  • Removes meaning of Christmas and changes the story in a way
23
Q

What is the:

Quaker perspective on festivals?

A

As every day should be a Lord’s day, and not just some days, all days must be equal meaning that they treat any festival as important as any other day of the week

24
Q

What is done during:

Lent

(include Ash Wednesday)

A
  • This is a period of 40 days meant to symbolise Jesus fasting in the desert, and the devils temptations
  • Lent is traditionally a time of fasting with only certain foods being eaten, but can also be abstaining from a bad habit.
  • Starts on Ash Wednesday where people would put burned palms on their forhead in the shape of a cross and ends on Holy Saturday, the day before Easter
  • Not observed by orthodox churches
24
Q

What is usually done on:

Shrove Tuesdy

A
  • Day before Ash Wednesday
  • Seen as a day of self-penitence and self-examination in preperation of Lent
  • Many customs for eating food, as afterwards they will fast. Usually eat pancakes
24
Q

What happend on:

Palm Sunday

A
  • Jesus rode into Jerusalem as a king on a donkey, showing he was there to bring spiritual salvation
  • People would shout hosanna meaning save us
  • These people shouting hosanna then proceed to betray him by voting to free a murderer
  • This is important to Christians as it allows them to reflect on the stead-fastness of their faith.
25
Q

What is the significance of:

Maundy Thursday

A
  • This remembers the last supper
  • Jesus washed the disciples feet and predicted that one would betray him
  • Jesus ordered his disciples to wash other people’s feet and to drink wine and eat bread in rememherance of him
  • This is a reminder that Jesus has come to serve and his example should be followed. He is taking a role of a servant and is humble
  • The prediction of his betrayal shows that he knew that he would die, which can make Chrsitians grateful for the sacrifice
26
Q

What happened at:

Good Friday

A
  • Commemorates Jesus’ cruxifiction
  • A day of mourning in the church, and remembers Jesus’ suffering on the cross
  • This enabled the debt of sin to be paid
  • Enables Chrsitians to reflect on their actions and seek forgiveness
  • Land was dark for 3 hours
26
Q

What are:

Key practice at Easter

(Orthodox church)

A
  • Reception of the Holy Fire
  • Red dyed eggs
  • Seasonal greetings: Christos Anesti
  • Stations of the cross
  • Paschal candle
26
Q

What is the significance of:

The Reception of the Holy Fire

(include quotation)

A
  • It is said that a bright light is emitted from Jesus’s tomb, which is received by the greek Patriach by Jerusalem and descends spreading around the fire
  • These are in bunches of 33 candles, for the number of years Jesus spent on Earth
  • The light symbolises Jesus coming to Earth as part of God’s plan of salvation, entering a dark world and lighting it up with hope by cruxifiction on the cross to bring back right relationships with God.
  • “I am the light of the world”
26
Q

What is the significance of:

Red Dyed Eggs

A
  • In orthodox churches Easter eggs are dyed red and the game tsourgisma would be played on Sunday where you have to crack the other person’s egg
  • Red represents the blood of Christ, with the hard shell of the boiled egg representing the sealed tomb of Christ and the cracking symbolises his ressurection from the dead
26
Q

What is the significance of:

Seasonal greetings

(Orthodox church at Easter)

A
  • Orthodox Christians would greet each other by saying christos anesti and responding by alithos anesti
  • christos anesti means Christ is risen, and christos anesti means “Truly, He is risen”
  • Repetition of the phrase recalls how the angle told the women at the tomb that Jesus has risen from the dead.
26
Q

What is the significance of:

The stations of the cross

(Orthodox church, quote)

A
  • This is a 14-step Catholic devotion commemorating Jesus’ last day as a man, with each station recalling and meditating on a specific event from his day.
  • Without the cruxifiction, Christians believe that the punsihment for sin is death
  • For the wages of death
  • Christ’s suffering to atone sin allows Christians to as forgiveness to to thank God for the plan of salvaiton
26
Q

What is the significance of:

The Paschal Candle

(Orthodox church, quote)

A
  • This is a large candle decorated with alpha and omega, marking the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet which symbolises that God is eternal
  • This is lit and carried through the church which reminds people of the light of Jesus’ ressurection which overcame the darkness of his tomb
  • The light also symbolises Jesus coming to Earth as God’s plan of slavation, by entering a dark world which was given back hope.
  • I am the light of the world
26
Q

What is the:

Significance of Easter for Christians today

A
  • Proof of Jesus’ identity of Messiah - “For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son”
  • The pinnacle and conclusion of God’s plan of slavation
  • Hope of eternal life - message of hope
  • Defeat of death- ressurection confirmed the sacrifice, which means that others can do the same with faith in him
26
Q

What are the different locatins in each of the different:

Catholic pilgrimages

A

Pilgrimage to Bethlehem:
* The church of the nativity
* The grotto of the nativity
* The chapel of the Manger
Pilgrimage to Bethlehem:
* Garden of Gethsemane
* Via Dolarosa
* Church of the Holy Sepulchre
Pilgrimage to Rome
* Scala sancta
* St. Peter’s Basilica
* Papal audiences

26
Q

What is the significance of:

The church of the Nativity

A
  • Site of birthplace of Jesus in order to remember the birht of Christ
  • Reminds God’s benevolence as he gave his only son in his plan of salvation
  • “For God so loved the world he gave his one and only Son”
26
Q

What is the significance of:

The grotto of the nativity

A
  • There is a 14 pointed star which is believed to be Jesus’ birthplace
  • Reminds Christians of Jesus’ birth fullfiling the old testament prophecy which is the start of the plan of salvation
26
Q

What is the significance of:

The chapel of the manger

A
  • This is where Christians believe mary placed Jesus down when he was born
  • Reminds that this is for all, not just the rich or men, reinforcing Luke’s account of the nativity
26
Q

What is the significance of:

The Garden of Gethseman

A
  • Where Jesus prayed before he was arrested, and when he wept
  • “Jesus wept”
  • Shows that despite being God, he had human emotions and fears making him closer to us
  • These events offer support to Christians going through difficult times as they will now that Jesus understands their pain
26
Q

What is the significance of:

the Via Dolarosa

A
  • Enables Chrsitians to reflect on Jesus’ final journey to the cross before cruxifiction
  • makes pilgrims reflect on the extent of his sacrifice
  • “the lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world”
26
Q

What is the significance of:

The church of the Holy sepulchre

A
  • This was built on Jesus’ cruxifiction and burial site
  • Allows refleciton on the cruxifiction and the debt pay
  • Reminder that Jesus defeated death
26
Q

What is the significance of:

the scala sancta

A
  • set of 28 marble steps
  • where Jesus walked up to the residence of Pontius
  • Allows pilgrims to reflect on the steadfastness of their own faith as the crowds days before were shouting hosanna
27
Q

What is the significance of:

St Peter’s basilica

A

Where Peter is buried
Was chosen to be the leader of the church
Apostolic succesion
“You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church”

27
Q

Why must:

A Christian be able to abstain

A

resisting temptation is needed to reach eternal life in heaven
usually, the greater the temptation resisted an lead to a greater spiritual worth of an action

27
Q

When do Christians:

Fast

A

Lent and Advent

27
Q

Arguments for and against

abstaining being harder than acting

A

Acting can be harder than abstaining when hleping people in need by giving them money
Abstaining can be harder when ignoring eye for an eye but following Jesus’ path of doing nothing

27
Q

Should we

Abstain or act

A

Fletcher argues that the most loving action should be done, as every situation will be different so general rules cannot be established to govern every situation

27
Q

What is a:

ritual

A

A set form of worship
usually has symbolic actions repeated in prescribed order
expresses something deeply important about faith

28
Q

What are the different

rituals that are ordonances

A

baptism and communion
Jesus emphasised that discipleship is relationship based, not rules/ritual

29
Q

Does ritual have a purpose?

A

Yes, if it is done authentically
this means if the ritual is deeply personal and has meaning, which is does not always after repeated it continuoslly
Jesus ordered baptism and communion

otherwise, it is irrelevant as it would just be people meaningleslly “babbling like pagans”

30
Q

Arguments for

Pilgrimage being relevant

A
  • Jesus pilgrimed with his parents to passover in jerusalem - strong as it gives a reason ot go on pilgrimage - weak as Jesus could be obedient to his parents
  • the last supper was ordered - strong as ritual is not meaningless and has purpose it jesus told us to do it - weak as does not relate to pilgrimage
  • recalls key events in Christianity - strong as pilgrimages gives a visual reminder - weak as Christians do not have to go on pilgrimage to reflect on those different places
31
Q

Arguments against

Rituals having purpose

A
  • Martin Luther believed that pilgrimage lead to distraction as it is almost as if is being like a tourists - strong as the grandeur of the places can distract people away from remembering the importance and significance - weak as it cannot be concluded that pilgrimages are sinful places
  • Pilgrimages do not have much purpose as worshipping God can be done anywhere - strong as jesus never mentioned place with more importance than others - weak as Bethlehem and Jerusalem arguably have more importance as Jesus went there
  • Bonhoffer argued pilgrimage is cheap grace, where sins are easily forgiven, and as pilgrimage is fun there is no struggle or hardship -strong as discipleship should be costly and long-term, not one journey
    -weak as pilgrimage involves sacrifice and a lot of money

Theology and Philosophy (6 decks)

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