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Geography > Paper 2- Section B > Flashcards

Paper 2- Section B Flashcards

1
Q

define UK urban core

A

very large, densely populated, economically and culturally important urban areas in the UK which are constantly attracting more people to live there due to numerous opportunities and benefits eg London

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2
Q

define rural periphery

A

rural regions that are more sparsely populated and do not have the same opportunities and benefits as rural areas

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3
Q

define conurbation

A

an extended urban area, typically consisting of several towns merging with the suburbs of a central city

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4
Q

west midlands conurbation definition

A

the large conurbation that include Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Sutton Colfield, Dudley, Walsall, West Bromwich, Solihull, Stourbridge and Halesowen

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5
Q

Define hamlet

A

a small settlement, generally smaller that one village, without a church

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6
Q

state 3 reasons for sparse population

A

poor soil, poor climate, poor infrastructure, hilly/ mountainous, very fertile soil (too valuable for crops to build on)

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7
Q

state 3 reasons for dense population

A

coastal location, nice climate, major city, site of a coal field

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8
Q

What are the employment opportunities like in the urban core?

A

many jobs which are highly paid and highly skilled

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9
Q

what is the average hourly wage in london

A

£17

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10
Q

What are the employment opportunities like in the rural periphery?

A

fewer jobs, less pay

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11
Q

What is the average hourly wage in wales?

A

£9.10

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12
Q

What’s the housing like in the urban core?

A

Low and high rise, more dense, more expensive

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13
Q

What’s the housing like in the rural periphery?

A

low rise buildings that are less expensive

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14
Q

describe the population structure in the urban core

A

many young adults and single people

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15
Q

describe the population structure in the rural periphery

A

many older people, some single people

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16
Q

are there more commuters living in the urban core or rural periphery

A

rural periphery

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17
Q

define an assisted area

A

an area which receives additional government funding due to its deprivation lack of services

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18
Q

define subsidy

A

a sum of money granted by the state of a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a service or product low

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19
Q

which areas in the UK receive the most additional government support

A

Cornwall and West Wales

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20
Q

does the rural periphery or the urban core in the UK receive the most additional government support?

A

rural periphery

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21
Q

which areas in the UK don’t receive much additional government support?

A

South/ South East England

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22
Q

Describe the government’s investment in transport policy

A
  • vital to rural areas (Scottish highlands, cornwall and south wales all have to motorways)
  • most occurs in the urban core due to government cuts
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23
Q

Describe the EU’s regional development policy?

A
  • supports UK regions by economic regeneration, improved communication and safeguarding jobs
  • eg cornwall receives ERDF support bc its GDP is below 75% of the EU average
  • ERDF = European Rural Development Fund
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24
Q

Describe the UK’s enterprize zones policies?

A
  • areas where gov offers companies help with start up costs
  • eg reduced taxes and super fast broadband
  • there were 24 in 2014, mostly in urban areas
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25
Q

describe advantages of the HS2 transport strategy

A
  • high speed rail connects communities and provides reliable travel
  • reduced CO2 emmissions and jobs created
  • develops skills and supports engineering in the UK
  • shorter journeys between cities
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26
Q

describe the advantages of the national graphene institute
(ERDF run)

A
  • better medical imaging, ultra sensitive solar cells, encourages regeneration
  • ultra fast transistors, graphene can replace silicone in computers
  • helps reduce unemployment by creating 100 jobs
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27
Q

Describe the advantages of the welsh homes regional project

A
  • helps rural areas
  • improves insulation for homes, efficient boilers and modern heating
  • energy efficient in over 7000 homes - actually above target
  • also installs solar panels
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28
Q

Decribe the Tees Valley enterprize zone strategy?

A
  • government funded
  • it is a centre of offshore engineering and has a super cluster of Europe’s largest chemical site
  • each businness can save up to £55 K a year, which attracts more
  • £75 million in investment recieved from 2018- 2021
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29
Q

Where does retirement migration occur in the UK?

A
  • people move to cornwall and devon
  • this forces house prices up and young people out
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30
Q

Where does rural- urban migration occur in the UK?

A
  • in central wales, here are very few jobs so young people move to cities and leave behind an elderly population with lots of primary secor jobs
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31
Q

Where does north-south migration take place in the UK?

A
  • people think the south is more developed so move there for better job opportunities so we can see an overall trend of people moving south
32
Q

why is secondary industry declining in the UK?

A
  • factories close, outsourcing preferable
  • mechanisation og production methods
  • government help declining: know that Uk can’t compete
  • minimum wage makes UK unattractive place to set up factories
33
Q

why is primary industry declining in the UK?

A
  • raw materials have been used up or are buried too deep
  • fewer percieved career prospects
  • mechanisation and TNCs can do everything more cheaply and just ship Uk the finished product
  • seas are overfished
34
Q

why is the tertiary sector growing in the UK?

A
  • technology makes new services possible, large number of people shop online (creates jobs)
  • other services decline forces tertiary to grow
  • rise in demand for luxury services (rise in disposable income)
  • in 2004, 14 million people were members of health clubs
  • rate in spending of retired people rising most
  • people are living longer, creates many tertiary jobs
  • population growth
35
Q

What is the mini tertiary sector case study?

A

Dinnington, South Yorkshire

36
Q

What is the mini quaternary sector case study?

A

London’s Canary Wharf

37
Q

Reasons for fdi in the UK

A
  • government privatising industries and encouraging companies to buy them
  • London is a global finance centre
  • EU encourages free trade between states and sets up good trade deals for the whole EU
38
Q

Advantages of fdi in the UK

A
  • foreign companies have invested £1 trillion and created 1000s of jobs
  • bring new technology
39
Q

Disadvantages of fdi in the uk

A
  • economic problems abroad = production shut down in the UK (job losses)
  • TNCs can outcompete UK companies
40
Q

What is the trend for deprivation in Birmingham?

A
  • overall, we can see more deprivation in areas with more ethnic diversity
  • except in South Birmingham: low ethnic diversity, high deprivation
41
Q

Reasons for inequality in Birmingham?

A
  • rapid population growth
  • globalisation: fewer local factory jobs, people have to travel to find work
  • poor education: harder to get jobs, many in Bham taken by people who live elsewhere
  • housing issues: older houses are difficukt to heat and damp
  • racism: may be discrimination against newcomers, but government imposed laws to try and stop this
  • lack of sevices and government funding
42
Q

reasons for decline in birmingham?

A
  • decentralisation (shops moving away from the city centre)
  • E-commerce: internet shopping forces local shops and restaurants to close
  • transport development: new ring road in 1970 forced many houses and factories to be demolished
    -unattractive environment, de-industrialisation
  • cramped road network & no space for expansion
    -50,000 jobs lost from 1961-1971
43
Q

describe Birmingham’s site?

A
  • timber iron and coal resources in the Black Country
  • grew on a south facing sandstone ridge site
  • close to rivers (gave OG dwellers access to water
44
Q

describe Birminghams situation

A
  • most central city in the UK: made it best choice for the NEC in 1976
  • gives access to all markets across the UK
45
Q

describe Birmingham’s national importance

A
  • important financial and industrial centre
  • redeveloped city centre with nationally recognised “bullring” shopping centre
  • known for creative hot spots, restaurants, cultural variety and music spots
46
Q

Describe birmingham’s global importance

A
  • home to ICC (adds £1.5 billion to local economy)
  • concentration of high quality restaurants in CBD has an international reputation
  • home to 3 internationally recognised universities
  • houses Europe’s largest library
47
Q

Describe Birmingham’ international connectivity

A

Airport has direct links to over 150 international locations

48
Q

Where is the CBD in Birmingham

A

the bullring

49
Q

where is the inner city in Birmingham?

A

sparkbrooke and digbeth

50
Q

where are the inner suburbs in birmingham?

A

Bournville, edgebaston

51
Q

where are the outer suburbs in Birmingham?

A

Longbridge

52
Q

Where is the rural urban fringe in Birmingham?

A

lickey hills

53
Q

What is studentification?

A

Social and environmental changes caused by large numbers of students living in a particular area of a town or city.

54
Q

What is gentrification?

A

Wealthy people’s investment into low income places, results in increased housing costs and poor people displacement

55
Q

list reasons for growth in Birmingham

A
  • investment from large TNCs like ford or kraft
  • reputation for high value, low bulk goods eg jewellery
  • lots of available land from brownfield sites
  • government backed enterprize zones
56
Q

Describe the rural urban fringe in Birmingham

A
  • a sprawl driven by demand for expensive housing with rural character
  • on the eastern edge there is the airport, the NEC and other uses like shopping or golf
57
Q

Describe studentification in Birmingham

A
  • 80% of Selly Oak’s population are students
  • over 78,000 students in the city
58
Q

describe Gentrification in Birmingham

A
  • occured in Mosely
  • was run down after WW2
  • became attractive in the 1980s with leafy streets and Victorian Properties
59
Q

describe regeneration in Longbridge

A
  • in 1960s the MG rover factory shut down (previously employing 25,000 people) leaving a derelict factory and brownfield site
  • was regenerated in a £1 billion programme which included:
    > a new £70,000,000 ton centre with over 15,000 km^2 of shops
    > 8km^2 newly landscaped park
    > 105,000 km^2 of rentable office buildings
    > new building to houses Bournville College
60
Q

Describe the benefits of Longbridge’s regeneration

A
  • 3 new green parks to improve quality of natural and urban environment
  • pressure eased on greenfield sites as brownfield sites easier to build on
  • 10,000 new jobs
61
Q

describe negatives of Longbridge’s regeneration

A
  • shop owners in Northfield and Bromsgrove have lost trade
  • unemployment is still high
  • house prices are rising so locals may not be able to afford them
  • concerns over traffic on Bristol Road
62
Q

describe the rebranding case study in Eastside Birmingham

A
  • it was home to many factories and workshops, which closed, leaving clogged and dirty canals, and derelict buildings
  • rebranding began in 2002 and £6-8 billion was invested
  • buildings were demolished to make space for: a new education centre, the Eastside City Park, City Park Gate appartments, student housing
63
Q

Define rebranding

A

The way in which a place redevelops and is marketed so it gains a new identity

64
Q

What are the advantages of rebranding Eastside Birmingham

A
  • improved urban environment
  • 12,000 jobs created
  • more homes
  • improved image of Birmingham
  • 8000 jobs created during construction period
65
Q

What are the disadvantages of rebranding Eastside Birmingham

A
  • site will require further investment
  • more traffic
  • higher property prices
66
Q

Describe the aim for affordable housing in Birmingham ( part of aims to make B’ham more sustainable)

A
  • authorities run schemes so low earners have access to accomodation
  • in Northfield the Birmingham Municiple Housing Trust has helped over 400 low income famillies
  • private landlords are working with authorities to keep rents low for poorer people.
67
Q

Describe recycling in Birmingham

A
  • UK households produce over 30 million tonnes of waste a year
  • in the UK in 2013 the overall recycling rate was 43.5% but in Birmingham it was only 30.1% in Birmingham
68
Q

Describe green transport in Birmingham

A
  • good bus network to reduce car transport (and therefore air pollution) in the city
  • increased cycle lanes and electric car charging points encourages private travellers to do so more sustainably
69
Q

describe green spaces in Birmingham

A
  • has a total of 571 parks; more than any other European city
  • has 5 nature reserves
70
Q

What are the economic benefits of the interdependence between Birmingham and he surrounding rural areas?

A
  • new homes built in rural areas provide jobs for builders
  • farmers make money by selling their land
  • nearby city provides market for milk and veg produced
  • city firms draw in workers from the country
  • market in rural areas for machinery
71
Q

What are the social benefits of the interdependence between Birmingham and he surrounding rural areas?

A
  • more children in rural areas means rural schools can stay open
  • old houses in rural areas are rennovated and lived in
  • new houses built on greenfield sites relieves pressure on houses being built in the city
  • people in the city go to rural areas for recreation
72
Q

What are the economic costs of the interdependence between Birmingham and he surrounding rural areas?

A
  • high house prices in rural areas as wealthy people move there - locals can’t afford
  • villages are empty during the day bc people commute to the city for work - local shops lose business
  • people in villages shop and get petrol in the city so local ones have to close
73
Q

Name some challenges for people living in Cornwall?

A
  • pressure on housing
  • health, services
  • over reliance on tourism industry
  • decline in primary industry
  • poverty
74
Q

Name 2 examples of diversification in Cornwall

A

The Eden Project, Lobb’s Farm Shop

75
Q

what % of villages in cornwall have a doctor’s surgery

A

36%

76
Q

Describe the Eden Project, name some statistics

A
  • generated extra £1 billion in community
  • 13 million visitors in 1st 10 years
  • created 700 full time jobs and 3000 elsewhere
  • 97% of visitors arrive by car
  • visitor numbers are declining
77
Q

Name some statistics about Cornwall

A
  • 4,000,000 visitors a year
  • up to 50% of houses in some villages are second homes, pushing up demand
  • no. of dairy cattle has fallen by 60% since 2000

Geography (7 decks)

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