Paper Ones Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following has the GREATEST permeability?
(A) Clay
(B) Humus
(C) Loam
(D) Sand

A

(D) Sand

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2
Q

Which of the following are features of subsistence farming?

I Slash and burn
II Domestic labour force
III Primitive tools

(A) I and Il only
(B) I and III only
(C) II and III only
(D) I, Il and III

A

(C) II and III only

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3
Q

The use of inorganic fertilizers causes environmental problems because they

(A) are quickly leached out of the soil by rain
(B) are slower acting and longer lasting
(C) do not provide the soil with humus
(D) have variable composition

A

(A) are quickly leached out of the soil by rain

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4
Q

Which of the following is NOT associated with organic farming?
(A) Crop rotation
(B) Soil salinization
(C) High-yield polyculture
(D) Biological pest control

A

(B) Soil salinization

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5
Q

Which of the following is an important feature of ecological integrity in the practice of sustainable agriculture?

(A) Farmers produce enough for self- sufficiency.
(B) Resources are distributed to meet the basic needs of all community members.
(C) Resources are used in a manner to minimize the loss of nutrients, energy and biomass.
(D) The yield of the produce justifies the inputs.

A

(C) Resources are used in a manner to minimize the loss of nutrients, energy and biomass.

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6
Q

A DISADVANTAGE of adding organic fertilisers to soils is that the
(A) soil structure is improved
(B) nutrients are released (slowly
(C) leaching of nutrients is reduced
(D) water-holding capacity increases

A

(B) nutrients are released slowly

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7
Q

Which of the following is MOST likely the direct result of lack of genetic diversity in a food crop such as corn?

(A) Decreased kernel size
(B) Decreased potential yield
(C) Increased susceptibility to plant diseases
(D) Increased dependence on chemical fertilizers

A

(C) Increased susceptibility to plant diseases

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8
Q

Land space is becoming less available for agriculture. To gain high yields in relatively small areas, farmers should practise

(A) Intensive farming
(B) Extensive farming
(C) Organic farming
(D) Subsistence farming

A

(A) Intensive farming

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9
Q

Which of the following are advantages of using technology in agriculture?

I. Production increase
II. Increase in eutrophication
III. Increased varieties

(A) I and II only
(B) I and III only
(C) II and III only
(D) I, II and III

A

(B) I and III only

I. Production increase
III. Increased varieties

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10
Q

Which of the following illustrates the term
‘potential energy’?

(A) A body in motion
(B) A fluorescent bulb
(C) A windmill in motion
(D) A body due to its position

A

(D) A body due to its position

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11
Q

Which of the following primary energy sources can be regarded as non-renewable?

(A) Solar energy
(B) Geothermal energy
(C) Ocean thermal energy
(D) Nuclear fission and fusion

A

(D) Nuclear fission and fusion

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12
Q

A photovoltaic cell converts light energy directly to

(A) Heat energy
(B) Kinetic energy
(C) Electrical energy
(D) Potential energy

A

(C) Electrical energy

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13
Q

Cogeneration and combined cycles are methods of improving energy

(A) Efficiency
(B) Conversion
(C) Utilisation
(D) Consumption

A

(A) Efficiency

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14
Q

Which of the following are limiting factors in the supply of energy within a Caribbean country?

I. Topography of communities
II. Availability of fossil fuels
III. Time of the year

(A) I and II only
(B) I and III only
(C) II and III only
(D) I, II and III

A

I. Topography of communities
II. Availability of fossil fuels

(A) I and II only

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15
Q

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a factor affecting energy use and supply?

(A) Reliability of supply
(B) Individual householders
(C) Geographical restrictions
(D) Technological limitations

A

(B) Individual householders

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16
Q

Which of the following does NOT contribute to an increase in energy efficiency?

(A) Increasing the number of people using public transport in
Caribbean countries
(B) Increasing the number of households using only compact fluorescent bulbs
(C) Manufacturing refrigerators that consume less energy than those manufactured in the past
(D) The use of heavier materials in the manufacturing of motor vehicles

A

(D) The use of heavier materials in the manufacturing of motor vehicles

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17
Q

An incandescent light bulb used for lighting has an efficiency rating of 5 per cent. For every 1.00 joule of electrical energy consumed by this bulb, how much light energy is produced?

(A) 0.05 joule
(B) 0.50 joule
(C) 1.00 joule
(D) 1.05 joules

A

(A) 0.05 joule

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18
Q

Which of the following are the benefits of building large dams and reservoirs?

I. Production of cheap electricity
II. Recreation and swimming
III. Reduction of downstream flooding

(A) I and II only
(B) I and III only
(C) II and III only
(D) I, II and III only

A

I. Production of cheap electricity
III. Reduction of downstream flooding

(B) I and III only

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19
Q

Which of the following is an air pollutant?
(A) Nitrate
(B) Carbon dioxide
(C) Nitrogen oxide
(D) Stratospheric ozone

A

(C) Nitrogen oxide

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20
Q

Which of the following is NOT a parameter used to monitor water quality?
(A)Biological oxygen demand
(B)Chemical oxygen demand
(C)Mass per unit volume of liquid
(D)Total suspended solids

A

(C) Mass per unit volume of liquid

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21
Q

Which of the following metals is NOT considered to be a toxic pollutant?
(A) Cadmium
(B) Lead
(C) Mercury
(D) Potassium

A

(D) Potassium

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22
Q

Which international negotiation resulted in an agreement to phase out chlorofluorocarbon production?
(A) Basel Convention
(B) Montreal Protocol
(C) Cartagena Convention
(D) Climate Change Convention

A

(B) Montreal Protocol

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23
Q

The persistence of a pollutant is related to its ability to
(A) move through soil
(B) be removed from soil
(C) remain in the soil without breaking down
(D) break down and remain in soil

A

(C) remain in the soil without breaking down

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24
Q

Photochemical smog is formed when
(A) nitrogen oxides react with volatile organic compounds in the presence of heat and sunlight
(B) nitrogen oxides react with volatile organic compounds and aldehydes
(C) nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides are exposed to sunlight energy
(D) ozone reacts with peroxyacyl
nitrates

A

(A) nitrogen oxides react with volatile organic compounds in the presence of heat and sunlight

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25
Q

Which of the following is/are sustainable methods of recycling?
I. The conversion of plastic beverage containers into polyethene sheets
II. The use of empty plastic beverage containers for growing crops
III. The combustion of plastic beverage containers to produce fuel

(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) I Il and III

A

(A) I only

I. The conversion of plastic beverage containers into polyethene sheets

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26
Q

Which of the following are effects of an oil spill?

I. Inhibits the ability of aquatic birds to find food
II. Reduces the ability of aquatic birds to fly
III. Increase in biochemical oxygen demand
(A) I and II only
(B) I and Ill only
(C) II and III only
(D) I, III and III only

A

(A) I and II only

I. Inhibits the ability of aquatic birds to find food
II. Reduces the ability of aquatic birds to fly

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27
Q

Which of the following is NOT a feature of sustainable agriculture?
(A)Social equity
(B)Political equity
(C)Economic viability
(D)Ecological soundness

A

(B) Political equity

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28
Q

Monoculture agriculture is characterized by
I. slash and burn
II. agrochemical usage
III. large-scale production
(A)I and II only
(B)I and III only
(C)II and III only
(D)I, II and III only

A

(C) II and III only

II. agrochemical usage
III. large-scale production

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29
Q

One negative effect of using organic fertilizers is
(A)an increase in the number of soil micro-organisms
(B)the unavailability of some nutrients to the plants
(C)they do not leach out quickly from the soil
(D)they are less likely to contribute to water pollution

A

(B) the unavailability of some nutrients to the plants

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30
Q

Which of the following is NOT associated with organic farming?
(A)Crop rotation
(B)Soil salinization
(C)High-yield polyculture
(D)Biological pest control

A

(B) Soil salinization

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31
Q

The gene for herbicide resistance can be applied to a wide range of crops. A benefit of adding this gene to crops in a chemical weed control programme is that
(A)all types of weeds can be destroyed
(B)more weedicides have to be applied
(C)only specific targeted weeds will be destroyed
(D)weeds with the specific gene will not survive

A

(C) only specific targeted weeds will be destroyed

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32
Q

Which of the following practices causes soil erosion?
(A)Terracing
(B)Crop rotation
(C)Monoculture
(D)Contour ploughing

A

(C) Monoculture

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33
Q

Planting the same crop year after year may result in
(A)improved crop yield
(B)decreased soil erosion
(C)the retention of essential nutrients in the soil
(D) increased damage to crops by insects and diseases

A

(D) increased damage to crops by insects and diseases

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34
Q

Which of the following statements does NOT reflect an advantage of aquaculture?
(A) It is a reliable source of fish for consumption.
(B) There is a reduction in the demand for fish from natural sources.
(C) It involves the introduction of exotic species into a new environment.
(D) There is a decrease in the effort to catch fish.

A

(C) It involves the introduction of exotic species into a new environment

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35
Q

Which form of soil degradation may be caused by capillary action?
(A)Salinization
(B)Acidification
(C)Waterlogging
(D)Soil compaction

A

(C) Waterlogging

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36
Q

Which of the following are features of intensive aquaculture?

I. High fish densities
II. Food supply from natural sources
III. High water demand
(A) I and II only
(B) I and III only
(C) II and III only
(D) I, Il and III

A

(A) I and II only

I. High fish densities
II. Food supply from natural sources

37
Q

Which of the following is MOST likely the direct result of a lack of genetic diversity in a food crop such as corn?
(A)Decreased kernel size
(B)Decreased potential yield
(C)Increased dependence on chemical fertilisers
(D)Increased susceptibility to plant diseases

A

(D) Increased susceptibility to plant diseases

38
Q

Pumping water from the turbines of an electricity generation plant into natural waterways is referred to as
(A)vaporization
(B)water enrichment
(C)thermal pollution
(D)water contamination

A

(C) thermal pollution

39
Q

An environmental hazard associated with the use of nuclear energy is the production
(A)toxic waste
(B)greenhouse gases
(C)particulate matter
(D)ozone depleting substances

A

(A) toxic waste

40
Q

A photovoltaic cell converts light energy directly to
(A)heat energy
(B)kinetic energy
(C)potential energy
(D)electrical energy

A

(D) electrical energy

41
Q

Which of the following illustrates the term ‘potential energy”?
(A)A body in motion
(B)A fluorescent bulb
(C)A windmill in motion
(D)A body due to its position

A

(D)A body due to its position

42
Q

Which of the following are limiting
factors in the supply of energy within a Caribbean country?

I. Topography of communities
II. Availability of fossil fuels
III. Time of the year
(A)I and II only
(B)I and III only
(C)II and III only
(D)I, II and III

A

(A) I and II only

43
Q

Cogeneration and combined cycles are methods of improving energy
(A)efficiency
(B)utilization
(C)conversion
(D)consumption

A

(A) efficiency

44
Q

The persons that are MOST likely to suffer negative health effects due to the generation of electricity are those livng
(A)near a wind farm
(B)near a biogas powered plant
(C)downwind from a coal-fired power plant
(D)downstream from a hydroelectric plant

A

(C) downwind from a coal-fired power plant

45
Q

What energy conversion occurs when the brakes are applied and cause a car to stop?
(A)Potential -> kinetic
(B)Electrical -> kinetic
(C)Kinetic -> potential
(D)Kinetic -> chemical

A

(C) Kinetic -> potential

46
Q

The treaty negotiated in 1982 to establish a comprehensive set of rules to govern the oceans is called
(A)MARPOL
(B)Law of the sea
(C)Montreal protocol
(D)Cartagena convention

A

(B) Law of the sea

47
Q

Photochemical smog is formed when
(A)ozone reacts with peroxyacyl nitrates
(B)nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides are exposed to sunlight energy
(C)nitrogen oxides react with volatile organic compounds and aldehydes
(D)nitrogen oxides react with volatile organic compounds in the presence of heat and sunlight

A

(D) nitrogen oxides react with volatile organic compounds and aldehydes in the presence of sunlight

48
Q

Which of the following metals is NOT considered to be a toxic pollutant?
(A) Lead
(B) Mercury
(C) Cadmium
(D) Potassium

A

(D) Potassium

49
Q

A mutagenic pollutant is one which
(A)causes cancer
(B)causes embryo malformation
(C)causes chromosome alteration
(D)interferes with physiological
processes

A

(C) causes chromosome alteration

50
Q

The persistence of a pollutant is related to its ability to
(A)move through soil
(B)be removed from soil
(C)break down and remain in soil
(D)remain in the soil without breaking down

A

(D) remain in the soil without breaking down

51
Q

Which of the following statements represent disadvantages of incineration?
I. It is very costly
II. It requires large land space
III. It requires fossil fuels to combust the waste
(A)I and II only
(B)I and III only
(C)II and III only
(D)I, II and III

A

(D) I, II, and III

I. It is very costly
II. It requires large land space
III. It requires fossil fuels to combust the waste

52
Q

An abandoned field was polluted by the dumping of hazardous waste material. The BEST ecologically friendly way to clean up this site is
(A)incineration
(B)pump and treat
(C)bioremediation
(D)dump in a landfill

A

(C) bioremediation

53
Q

Which of the following statements concerning non-point sources of pollution is TRUE?
(A)The pollutants are discharged at specific locations.
(B)The pollutants are not mobile and remain at the point of discharge.
(C)The pollutants cannot be traced to any single site of discharge.
(D)The pollutants are easier to control when compared to point sources.

A

(C) The pollutants cannot be traced to any single site of discharge

54
Q

Which of the following are sustainable methods of recycling?
I. The conversion of plastic beverage containers into polyethene sheets
II. The use of empty plastic beverage containers for growing crops
III. The combustion of plastic beverage containers to produce fuel
(A)I and II only
(B)I and III only
(C)II and III only
(D)I, Il and III

A

(A) I and II only

I. The conversion of plastic beverage containers into polyethylene sheets
II. The use of empty plastic beverage containers for growing crops

55
Q

Which of the following tests is MOST suitable for assessing the water quality of a body of water used mainly for recreation?
(A)Faecal coliform
(B)Total suspended solids
(C)Dissolved oxygen content
(D)Biological oxygen demand

A

(C) Dissolved oxygen content

56
Q

The advantages of no-tillage farming include all of the following EXCEPT increased
(A)crop yield
(B)soil erosion
(C)organic matter in the soil
(D)water-holding capacity of the soil

A

(B) soil erosion

57
Q

The use of inorganic fertilizers causes environmental problems because they
(A)are quickly leached out of the soil by rain
(B)are slower acting and longer lasting
(C)do not provide the soil with humus
(D)have variable composition

A

(A)are quickly leached out of the soil by rain

58
Q

Which of the following is NOT associated with organic farming?
(A)Biological pest control
(B)Crop rotation
(C)High-yield polyculture
(D)Soil salinisation

A

(D) Soil salinisation

59
Q

Which of the following is NOT an effect of the continuous use of fertilizers?
(A)Decreased soil mineral content
(B)Few organisms in the soil
(C)Poor crumb structure of soil
(D)Reduced soil humus content

A

(B) Few organisms in the soil

60
Q

Which of the following techniques uses naturally occurring disease organisms or predators to control pests?
(A)Genetic control
(B)Biological control
(C)Biological magnification
(D)Genetic engineering

A

(B) Biological control

61
Q

Environmentally sustainable practices in agricultural systems do NOT include
(A)agroforestry
(B)chemical pest control
(C)contour farming
(D)terracing

A

(B)chemical pest control

62
Q

In the practice of sustainable agriculture which of the following is an important feature of ecological integrity?
(A)Farmers produce enough for self-sufficiency.
(B)Resources are distributed to meet the basic needs of all community members.
(C)Resources are used in a manner to minimize the loss of nutrients, energy and biomass.
(D)The yield of the produce justifies the inputs.

A

(C) Resources are used in a manner to minimize the loss of nutrients, energy and biomass.

63
Q

Which of the following is/are true of subsistence agriculture?

I. It is practised in areas of low population density in rainforest environments.
II. It requires low levels of inputs of agrochemicals to maintain yields.
III. It uses mechanized equipment in its operations.
(A) I only
(B) I and II only
(C) I and III only
(D) II and III only

A

(A) I only.
I. It is practised in areas of low population density in rainforest environments.

64
Q

The type of agriculture practised on a sugarcane plantation is characterized by

I. large-scale production
II. agrochemical usage
III. mechanization
IV. slash and burn
(A) I only
(B)I and II only
(C)I, II and III only
(D)I, II, III and IV

A

(C) I, II, and III only

65
Q

Which of the following statements is/are NOT true of organic fertilizers?
I. They are soluble and immediately available to plants.
II. They are slow acting.
III. They increase the soil microflora.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) I, Il and III

A

(A) I only.
I. They are soluble and immediately available to plants.

66
Q

Which of the following statements is/are NOT true of organic fertilizers?
I. They are soluble and immediately available to plants.
II. They are slow acting.
III. They increase the soil microflora.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) I, Il and III

A

(A) I only.
I. They are soluble and immediately available to plants.

67
Q

Consider Statements I and II below and select the BEST of the options that follow.

I. Habitat destruction and inappropriate use of agrochemicals are among the many socio-environmental impacts of agriculture.
II. Genetic selection and hybridization utilise scientific research to select and develop high yielding, disease resistant crops and livestock
(A)I and II are false.
(B)I and II are true.
(C)I is true but II is false.
(D)I is false but II is true.

A

(B) I and II are true

68
Q

A pig farmer collects spoiled tomatoes and uses them to feed his pigs. This sustainable agricultural practice is known as
(A)conservation tillage 
(B)contour farming 
(C)crop rotation
(D)post-harvest management

A

(D) post-harvest management

69
Q

Which of the following energy sources is converted directly to electrical energy by photovoltaic cells?
(A)Biomass
(B)Sunlight
(C)Tidal
(D)Wind

A

(B) Sunlight

70
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of a non-renewable energy source?
(A)Coal
(B)Fossil fuel
(C)Geothermal
(D)Nuclear

A

(C) Geothermal

71
Q

The type of energy that is transferred from one object to another as a result of a difference in temperature is
(A)heat
(B)kinetic
(C)nuclear
(D)potential

A

(A) heat

72
Q

A type of electricity generating power plant which releases radioactive materials under normal operating conditions is one which is based on
(A)geothermal energy
(B)hydroelectricity
(C)solar energy
(D)burning coal

A

(D) burning coal

73
Q

The burning of wood is an example of
(A)active solar heating
(B)passive solar heating
(C)indirect use of solar energy
(D)direct use of solar energy

A

(C) indirect use of solar energy

74
Q

A coal deposit that is near the surface is NOT extracted by
(A)open-pit mining
(B)strip mining
(C)surface mining
(D)subsurface mining

A

(D)subsurface mining

75
Q

The production of TWO useful forms of energy from the SAME fuel is known as
(A)co-generation
(B)conservation
(C)energy conversion
(D)energy efficiency

A

(A) co-generation

76
Q

In a fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen are combined. Which of the following are environmental benefits of using this type of fuel cell?

I. Water is produced as a by-product.
II. Carbon dioxide is emitted as an end-product.
III. Most air pollution is eliminated.
IV. Global warming is slowed significantly.
(A)II and III only
(B)III and IV only
(C)I, II and IV only
(D)II, III and IV only

A

(B) III and IV only

77
Q

Which of the following can BEST be described as a socio-economic impact of energy extraction, transportation and use?
(A)Global warming
(B)Habitat destruction
(C)Pollution of the environment
(D)Dislocation of communities

A

(D) Dislocation of communities

78
Q

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of building large dams on rivers?
(A)The reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing.
(B)The reservoir can produce cheap electricity.
(C)Migration and spawning of some fish are disturbed.
(D)Downstream flooding is reduced.

A

(C) Migration and spawning of some fish are disturbed

79
Q

Which of the following statements is usually true?
(A)Carbon dioxide is a water pollutant.
(B)Nitrates are air pollutants.
(C)Nitrogen oxides are air pollutants.
(D)Ozone is a water pollutant.

A

(C) Nitrogen oxides are air pollutants

80
Q

Which of the following metals is NOT considered to be a toxic pollutant?
(A)Cadmium
(B)Lead
(C)Mercury
(D)Potassium

A

(D) Potassium

81
Q

Ozone, O3, is an air pollutant that is classified as
(A)primary in the troposphere
(B)secondary in the troposphere
(C)primary in the stratosphere
(D)secondary in the stratosphere

A

(B)secondary in the troposphere

82
Q

The MOST serious immediate problem associated with sanitary landfills is
(A)contamination of ground water
(B)compaction and settling
(C)generation of CH4 gas
(D)release of disease organisms

A

(A)contamination of groundwater

83
Q

The presence of high levels of faecal coliform bacteria in a water source indicates that the water
(A)is safe to drink
(B)is safe to swim in
(C)has been recently chlorinated at a sewage treatment plant
(D)has been contaminated by untreated human or animal waste

A

(D)has been contaminated by untreated human or animal waste

84
Q

The main environmental effects of ozone depletion could include all of the following EXCEPT
(A)lower food-crop production
(B)increased incidence of skin cancer
(C)decreased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere
(D)reduction of primary productivity in the ocean

A

(C)decreased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere

85
Q

An important precursor of acid rain is
(A)carbon monoxide
(B)methane
(C)radon
(D)sulphur dioxide

A

(D)sulphur dioxide

86
Q

Residents at the foot of a hill and downstream of a river have complained of increased soil erosion and increased turbidity of the water due to the activities of a farmer who cultivates the hillsides.
Which of the following practices would you recommend to the farmer to reduce or prevent these problems?

I. Conservation tillage
II. Contour farming
III. Slash and burn
(A)II only
(B)IlI only
(C)I and II only
(D)I and III only

A

(A) II only
II. Contour farming

87
Q

Sewage sludge would be unfit for use as fertilizer if it is contaminated with
(A) nitrates
(B) phosphates
(C) heavy metals
(D) heavy metals

A

(C) heavy metals

88
Q

Which of the following are features of subsistence farming?
I. Slash and burn
II. Domestic labour force
III. Primitive tools
IV. Shifting cultivation
(A) I and II only
(B) I, II and III only
(C) II, III and IV only
(D) I, II, III and IV

A

(C) II, III and IV only

89
Q

Planting the same crop year after year may result in
(A) improved crop yield
(B) decreased soil erosion
(C) the retention of essential nutrients
(D)increased damage to crops by insects and diseases

A

(D)increased damage to crops by insects and diseases