Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry > Paper Two > Flashcards

Paper Two Flashcards

1
Q

How do calculate any rate

A

Change in quality/time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are two ways to investigate rate of reaction

A

Hydrochloric acid + sodium thiosulphate causes solution to go cloudy
Measure time for cross to disappear; repeat at different temperatures
The hotter the temperature the less time it takes for cross to disappear
Reaction 2:
Measure volume of gas produced by attaching gas syringe to reaction vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do you increase rates of reaction

A

Increase surface area/concentration/pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does temperature increase rate of reaction

A

Increase temperature: particles move faster, collide more frequently and with more energy so there are more frequent successful collisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does FSC mean(rate of reaction)

A

Frequency successful collisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does a catalyst decrease reaction time

A

Reduces activation energy
Collisions more likely to be successful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is crude oil formed

A

Crude oil is formed over millions of years from the remains of tiny sea creatures called plankton which were buried in the mud and pressure causes it to turn into crude oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is crude oil made up of

A

Mixture of hydrocarbons and it is a mixture of molecules called hydrocarbons(hydrogen and carbon only)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many carbon and hydrogen bonds in methane and what makes them bond

A

Covalent bond
One carbon atom
Four hydrogen atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are hydrocarbons like methane and ethane called

A

Alkanes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes

A

CNH2N+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe alkanes

A

Scientist say that alkanes are saturated molecules. That is because the carbon atoms are full bonded to hydrogen atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does viscosity tell us about hydrocarbon

A

How thick the fluid is.
Fluids with a high viscosity flow slowly.
As the size of the hydrocarbon molecules increases, the molecules get more viscous. Very long chain hydrocarbons flow very slowly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does flammability tell us about hydrocarbon

A

How easily a hydrocarbon combusts(burns)
Short chain hydrocarbons are extremely flammable
As the size of the hydrocarbon molecules increases, the molecules get less flammable, long chain hydrocarbons are very difficult to burn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does boiling point tell us about hydrocarbons

A

Boiling point - the temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas
Short chain hydrocarbons have low boiling points
All of the hydrocarbons here are gasses at room temperature(methane,ethane,propane,butane)
As the size of the hydrocarbon molecules increases, the boiling point also increases so very long chain hydrocarbons have very high boiling points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do hydrocarbons do when they are combusted(Burned)

A

Release energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens during combustion of hydrocarbons

A

Carbon and hydrogen atoms in the fuel react with oxygen. The carbon and hydrogen are oxidised. If the oxygen is unlimited, this reaction produces carbon dioxide and water. This is called a complete combustion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the equation for the complete combustion of methane

A

Methane + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is and happens fractional distillation

A

In fractional distillation crude oil is separated into fractions. Fractions contain hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the steps of fractional distillation

A

Firstly, the crude oil is heated to a very high temperature. This causes the crude to boil. All of the hydrocarbons evaporate and turn into a gas. The crude oil vapour is now fed into the fractional distillation column. The column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top. The hydrocarbon vapours now rise up the column, hydrocarbons condense(turn back into a liquid) when they reach their boiling point. Then the liquid fractions are removed. The remaining hydrocarbons continue moving up the column and these now condense when they reach their boiling points. Very long chain hydrocarbons have very high boiling points. These hydrocarbons are removed from the bottom of the column and very short chain hydrocarbon have a very low boiling point and these do not condense. They are removed from the top of the column as gasses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What powers cars

A

Petrol and diesel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is used to power planes

A

Kerosene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is used to power ships

A

Heavy fuel oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is liquid fed petroleum gas used for

A

Camping stoves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are Some fractions used for

A

Feedstock for the petrochemical industry. A feedstock is a chemical that is used to make other chemicals.
Solvents, lubricants, detergents and polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name each proportion of gas in our atmosphere(oxygen and nitrogen)

A

Oxygen-21%
Nitrogen-71%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happpend millions of years ago to form the earths atmosphere

A

4600 million years ago, in the first billion years, there was intense volcanic activity. These volcanoes released the gasses that formed the atmosphere. One of these gasses was water vapour. As the Earth cooled, the water vapour condensed to form the oceans. Volcanoes also released a lot of carbon dioxide so in this early age, the earths atmosphere consisted mainly of carbon dioxide with little or no oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do volcanoes release a lot of

A

Carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which other planets were similar to earth millions of years ago

A

The earth’s atmosphere then was very much like the atmospheres of mars and Venus today.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What gasses do volcanoes release

A

Carbon dioxide(Loads)
Nitrogen which gradually built up in the atmosphere
Small amounts of methane and ammonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is different about the current atmosphere to the atmosphere of the early earth

A

Early earth:
-mostly carbon dioxide
-small amount of nitrogen
Earth today:
-a lot of nitrogen
-1/5 oxygen
-small amount of carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How did the atmosphere change from millions of years ago to now

A

Some carbon dioxide from volcanoes dissolved in the oceans to form a weak acid. This reacted with minerals in the sea to form precipitates. Over time, this formed sediments of carbonate rock on the sea bed. Some of the carbon dioxide in the sea was used to make corals and shells of organisms such as mussels. When these die they formed the sedimentary rock limestone. This also removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. So carbon dioxide levels began to fall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where did the oxygen come from as there was none in early earth but ??%

A

21%
2.7 billion years ago, photosynthetic algae first evolved in the oceans.
Photosynthesis produced oxygen which entered the atmosphere.
Over the following billion years, plants evolved. This increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.
At some point the level of oxygen reached the point where animals could evolves. As well as producing oxygen, carbon dioxide is absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the examples of fossil fuels

A

Coal
Oil
Gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How long does it for fossil fuels too be formed

A

Over millions of year. Fossil fuels are non-renewable. If we keep using them, then they will run out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How is coal formed

A

Formed from the remains of ferns and tress. If those die in marshy wetlands then they do not decompose. That can due to a lack of oxygen or acidic conditions. These both prevent bacteria from carrying out decomposition. Over time the plant reminds over covered with sediment and compressed. High temperature and pressure creates coal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How is crude oil formed

A

Crude oil is formed from plankton which are tiny plants and animals found in the sea. When these die, they settle in mud on the sea bed. If oxygen is not present they do not decompose. Over time, they are compressed by sediment. Heat and pressure then convert them into crude oil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How is natural gas(mainly hydrocarbon methane) formed

A

We often find natural gas near deposits of oil. That’s because natural gas if from plankton in a similar way to oil. All fossil fuels contain trapped carbon, and that carbon was part of the carbon dioxide taken in by photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the percentages of water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere.

A

Carbon dioxide - 0.04%
Methane - 0.0002%
Water vapour - the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere is variable and changes depending on the temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane all examples of

A

Green house gasses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the greenhouse effect

A

Energy from the sun travels to the earth as short wavelength radiation e.g. ultraviolet and visible light. Some of the short wavelength radiation simply reflects back into space but most of it passes easily through the atmosphere. This is because short wavelength radiation does not interact strongly with the gas molecules in the atmosphere. The energy of the radiation is absorbed when it reaches the surface of the earth. The surface of the earth now radiates the energy as long wavelength radiation as infrared. Some of the long wavelength radiation interacts with the greenhouse gas molecules in the atmosphere. The energy in the long wavelength radiation is absorbed, as the energy is trapped in the atmosphere, this causes the temperature of the atmosphere to increase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is positive about the greenhouse effect

A

Keep the temperature warm enough to support life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Why are carbon dioxide and methane increasing

A

Human activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How is carbon dioxide increasing

A

Burning fossil fuels e.g coal - electricity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How is carbon dioxide increasing controlled but how is it limited

A

Absorbed by growing trees to do photosynthesis, however due to defosteration, which burns forests which releases carbon dioxide

46
Q

How is methane released

A

Growing rice in flooded paddy fields
Cows pass wind

47
Q

How do methane and carbon dioxide cause the planet to heat up

A

The temperature of the atmosphere is rising as more of the energy from the sun is trapped

48
Q

What are the consequences of rising temperatures

A

Increase melting of the polar ice sheets and glaciers, leads to increased sea levels, more flooding over low-lying areas. Climate change could lead to more severe weather e.g. more storms in the UK
Change distribution of animals

49
Q

What is the problem about understanding climate change

A

Complex and difficult to model, so some stories about climate change in the media are simplified or simply biased. We only see speculation so scientists must work harder to show real story to public. Uncertainty also impacts this

50
Q

What is carbon footprint

A

Total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses emitted over the full life cycle of a product, service or event.

51
Q

How can we reduce carbon dioxide emissions

A

A lot of energy is used to heat our homes. This often comes from burning fossil fuels by insulating our homes or turning down the heating, we can reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
A great deal of carbon dioxide is released when driving cars and we can reduce this by using public transport such as buses and trains. These release less carbon dioxide per passenger.
A lot of carbon dioxide is produced by generating electricity by burning fossil fuels

52
Q

How can we reduce carbon dioxide emissions

A

We can reduce that by switching to renewable sources of electricity e.g wind power
Energy saving light bulbs
Turn appliances of at the plug rather than leaving them on standby

53
Q

Why is reducing carbon dioxide emissions hard

A

Most solutions are expensive and people are reluctant to pay.
In some cases they are inconvenient as many people prefer the convenience of driving over public transport.

54
Q

How can we reduce methane emissions

A

One of the biggest sources of methane is agriculture. Grazing cattle such as cows release methane when they pass wind.
One way to reduce that is for people to eat less beef and less diary products
Landfills - trapping methane and burning it to produce electricity and this is a good idea because methane is a much more powerful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

55
Q

Why is reducing methane emissions difficult

A

People enjoy eating these and are unlikely to change their diets.
Trapping and burning methane costs money

56
Q

What happens to fuel when they are combusted

A

Fuels release energy when they are combusted(burned)

57
Q

What is coal used for

A

Used to generate electricity in power stations

58
Q

What are hydrocarbons used for

A

Hydrocarbons such as those found in petroleum and diesel are used to power vehicles

59
Q

What elements do must fuels contain

A

Carbon and hydrogen

60
Q

What happens to carbon and hydrogen atoms when fuels are burned

A

React with oxygen in the air and the elements are oxidised

61
Q

What is complete combustion equation for methane and explain and what happens if oxygen is reduced

A

Methane + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water
CH4+2O2 - CO2 + 2H20
The carbon atom in the methane molecule has been oxidised to form gas carbon dioxide
The hydrogen atoms have been oxidised to form water vapour
This is complete combustion because carbon dioxide, for this to happen plenty oxygen is needed
If oxygen reduced carbon monoxide(toxic gas), no colour or smell detectors in homes.

62
Q

What happens when coal is burned and it contains sulfur

A

When coal is burned, the sulfur atoms are oxidised(react with oxygen)
This produces gas sulfur dioxide
S+O2-SO2
Sulfur+oxygen - sulfur dioxide

63
Q

What happens when oxides of nitrogen are produced inside engines for example in cars.

A

Here, high temperatures cause nitrogen and oxygen from the air to react
This produces a range of different molecules so scientists call them all oxides of nitrogen(NOx)
Nitrogen + oxygen - oxides of nitrogen
N2+O2-NOx

64
Q

What do sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen cause in humans and environment

A

Breathing problems
Dissolve in rainwater to form acid rain

65
Q

What can acid rain do

A

Damage trees and corrode buildings made from limestone

66
Q

What happens when a truck burns diesel and how does this contribute to global dimming

A

These are particles of carbon(soot) and unburned hydrocarbons. Scientists call this type of pollution particulates and particulates can damage human health e.g. can increase the risk of heart disease and lung disease. Particulates can also reduce the amount of energy from the sun that reaches the earths surface. This is referred to as global dimming.
It’s possible that global dimming is affecting rainfall patters.

67
Q

What happens during photomyning

A

Plants are grown on land containing the metal compound that we want.
These plants absorb the metal compound and they concentrate it in their tissue
The plants are then harvested and burned
At the end, the ash contains a relatively high concentration of the metal compound

68
Q

What are the two types of extracting metals

A

Bioleaching and photmyning

69
Q

What happens during bioleaching

A

Bacteria are mixed with the low grade ore.
The bacteria carry out chemical reactions and they produce a solution called a leachate.
The leachate contains the metal compound that we want

70
Q

What happens at the end of boileaching and photomyning.

A

The metal compound that we want has been extracted from low grade ore. We now need to extract the metal from the compound.
In the case of copper compounds we can displace the copper using iron. Iron is more reactive than copper. We usually use scrap iron which is cheap.
We can also extract the copper using electrolysis.

71
Q

What are some key points about photomyning and bioleaching

A

Both photomyning and bioleaching allow us to economically extract metals from low-grade ores. That is important as the earth’s resources of metal ores are limited.
These methods do not involve digging, transporting and disposing of large amounts of rock unlike in traditional mining.

72
Q

Why does a life cycle assessment attempt to do

A

Put a number on the environmental impact of a product

73
Q

What is the environmental impact of extracting metals

A

Extracting metals also takes a huge amount of energy. The ore has to be dug out of the mine and transported for processing. The metal then has to be extracted from the ore and this can produce large amounts of toxic waste products. Once we have produced our raw materials, we can manufacture our product, package it and transport it. All is these stages require energy and they may release harmful waste products.

74
Q

What is the envirmoneal impact of polymers

A

Polymers such as plastics are produced using crude oil. First the oil has to extracted from the ground and then transported to oil refineries. The hydrocarbons have to be separated and cracked. Finally the polymer has to be to be produced.
All of these processes take a large amount of energy and a lot of the energy will be generated by burning fossil fuels. This leads to climate change.

75
Q

How do you assess the environmental impact of the product during it’s lifetime in case of a toy

A

This could involve large number of batteries. Producing batteries releases a large amount of toxic waste.

76
Q

How do we assess the disposal of the product at the end of its useful life.

A

Many modern products contain a number of harmful chemicals. These chemicals have to be disposed of carefully and agin this may require a lot of energy and it also takes energy to transport used products for disposal e.g. to a landfill or recycling centre.

77
Q

Plastic vs paper - life cycle assessment

A

Plastic bags are produced using chemicals from crude oil. Crude oil is a non-renewable resource. Trees are renewable. We can simply plant more. Extracting crude oil can be harmful to habitats e.g. if there is an oil leak. Felling trees for wood is also extremely destructive to habitats such as forests. Both crude oil and wood need to be chemically processed. In both cases this requires a large amount of energy and releases waste products
Making paper also requires huge amount of water.
Plastic shopping are strong. They are often refused e.g. as bin liners. Paper shopping are not as strong and tend to tear. They are often used only once before being thrown away. At the end of their lives, both plastic bags and paper bags have to be transported either for recycling or to landfills. Paper bags are often heavier than plastic bags. They can take more energy to transport. Plastic is non-biodegradable. It is not broken down by microorganisms. Paper breaks down quickly especially when wet. As plastic bags are non biodegradable they remain in the environment for a very long time. Plastic bags are a major form of little. They also fill up landfills.

78
Q

What are benefits are drawbacks of life cycle assessment

A

We can measure them use of water and energy. We can also measure the production of some waste products.
We can opt always be certain of how damaging these are to the environment. This means that in some cases we have got to make estimates or value judgements. These may not always be accurate.
Another draw back can be biased e.g. support claims by advertisers

79
Q

What materials are used mostly by humans

A

Glass
Plastic
Metals
Clay ceramics
Building materials

80
Q

Why should should humans try to reduce our need for raw materials by reusing and recycling

A

This will help to save limited resources and energy and it will also reduce the amount of waste that we produce and have a less harmful effect on the environment.

81
Q

How can glass be recycled

A

It can be Reused simply
They can also be crushed and melted to make different glass products for example jars

82
Q

What type of resource are metals

A

Limited

83
Q

How do we recycle metals

A

Melt them and then recast them into different products, but one problems is that different metals usaullly need to be separated before being recycled. However this depends on the properties of the final product. E.g some scrap steel can be added to iron from a blast furnace. This reduces the amount of iron that we need to extract from iron ore.

84
Q

What is a substance and examples

A

Not mixed with any other substance
Single element or compund

85
Q

Describe pure substances and impure substances

A

Melts at a specific fixed temperature
Specific fixed boiling point
Impure substance melt and boil over a range of temperatures

86
Q

What is a formulation

A

Complex mixture that has been designed as a useful products
In a formulation, the quantity of each component is carefully measured so that the product has the properties we need.
Formulations include fuels, cleaning products, paints, medicines, alloys, fertilisers and food

87
Q

What are the four ways scientists use to serperate mixtures

A

Filtration
Crystallisation
Distillation(simple and fractional)
Chromatography

88
Q

What type of process is chromatography and all other separation techniques and why

A

Physical processes, which means that they do not involve chemical reactions and no new substances are made

89
Q

Simply what does chromatography allow us to do

A

Separate substances based on their different solubilities

90
Q

Describe chromatography experiment

A

Get chromatography paper and draw a pencil line near the bottom.
Then put a dot of our first colour on the pencil line and next to it we put a dot of our second colour.
We can do this for several colour was as long as their is enough space on the paper.
Place the bottom of the paper into the solvent(a liquid that will dissolve substances), and there lots of different solvents.
The solvent now makes it way up the paper and it dissolves the ink in the two coloured dots. These are now carried up the paper as well.

91
Q

Describe chromatography stages

A

We call the paper the stationary phase because it does not move.
We call the solvent the mobile phase because it does not move.

92
Q

How does paper chromatography work

A

Paper chromatography works because each chemical in the mixture will be attracted to the stationary phase(the paper) to a different extent.
Chemicals that are strongly attracted to the stationary phase will not move very far.
Chemicals that are only weakly attracted will move further up the paper.

93
Q

Describe the outcomes of chromatography

A

A pure chemical will produce a single spot in all solvents.
The chemicals in a mixture may separate into different spots depending on the solvent.

94
Q

In chromatography why do draw a starting line

A

If we drew the line in pen, the pen ink would move up the paper, with the solvent.

95
Q

How we test for hydrogen

A

Get test tube which may contain hydrogen
Remove bung and insert a burning splint, which produces a squeaky pop as hydrogen burns rapidly

96
Q

How do we test for oxygen

A

We use glowing splint
If we place the glowing into a test tube of oxygen, the splint relights(bursts into flames)

97
Q

What is the test for carbon dioxide

A

We use limewater
Limewater is an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide
Bubble gas through limewater and limewater will go cloudy if carbon dioxide present

98
Q

How do we test for chlorine

A

We insert damp litmus paper into the mouth of the test tube. Chlorine bleaches the litmus paper and turns it white.

99
Q

How is energy transferred in reversible reactions

A

If a reversible reaction is exothermic in one direction, it is endothermic in the opposite direction.
The same amount of energy is transferred in each case.

100
Q

What is equilibrium

A

At the same point, where the forward and the reverse reactions will take place at exactly the same rate

101
Q

What happens if a system is at equilibrium and a change is made to the conditions and whose principle is it.

A

Then the system responds to counteract the change. This is referred to as Le Chateliers’s principle

102
Q

What happens if you increase the concentration of reactants or products

A

Remember, at equilibrium the system will counteract any changes that we make.
If we change the concentration of the reactants or products, then the system is no longer at equilibrium
The forward and reverse reactions are not taking place at the same rate.
This means the concentrations of all substances will change until equilibrium is reached

103
Q

What happens if you decrease concentration of products

A

Because we have decreased the concentration of products, the system is no longer at equilibrium. Therefore, more react will react to form products until equilibrium is reached again.

104
Q

What appears if you increase concentration of products

A

Because we have increased the concentration for products, the system is no longer at equilibrium. More of the products will turn into the reactants until equilibrium is reached again

105
Q

What happens if you increase temperature on a system

A

If we Make any changes to a system at equilibrium, then the system counteracts the change. If we increase the temperature of a system, the equilibrium will shift to the endothermic side to reduce the temperature. That’s because the reverse direction is endothermic, so energy is taken in, causing the temperature to fall. In this case the amount of reactants Wold increase and the amount of products would decrease

106
Q

What happens if you decrease the temperature on a system

A

In this case the equilibrium shifts to the exothermic side to increase the temperature, which is because the forward reaction is exothermic, so energy is released, causing the temperature to increase. So the amount of products would increase and the amount of reactants would decrease.

107
Q

What state of matter is affected by pressure

A

Gasses

108
Q

What happens if you increase the pressure on reversible reactions

A

The position of the equilibrium shifts to the side with the smallest number of molecules

109
Q

What happens if you decrease the pressure on reversible reactions

A

If we reduce the pressure, then the position of the equilibrium shift to the side with the larger number of molecules.

110
Q

What happens to the position of equilibrium if the number of molecules is equal on both sides(pressure)

A

Changing pressure has no effect on the position of equilibrium

111
Q

Describe the evolution of the early atmosphere

A

4.6 billion years ago: CO2 and H20. CH4 and NH3 from volcanoes.
Over time h20 decreased by evolving ,condensing, ranging and forming oceans
Over time CO2 dissolves into oceans.
Plankton evolved, photosynthesing CO2 decreasing and O2 increasing
Crustaceans in evolved, CO2 decreasing to form their skills
Shells from sodium they rock on seabed(limestone)

Chemistry (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions