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Infectious Diseases > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

About how long is Ascaris suum?

A

20-40cm

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2
Q

What is the main Trematode order of veterinary importance?

A

Digenea

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3
Q

Ancylostomatoidea nematodes buccal capsule characteristics…

A
  • Large
  • Cutting plates on outer margin
  • Teeth within
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4
Q

Cat whipworm…

A

Trichuris doesn’t occur in cats

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5
Q

Describe nematode GIT…

A
  • Opens anteriorly at the mouth and buccal capsule
  • This leads directly into the oesophagus
  • This leads into the intestine
  • This terminates at the anus
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6
Q

Describe the female nematode reproductive tract…

A
  • One or two ovaries
  • Each has an oviduct and Uterus
  • These lead via the vagina to the vulva
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6
Q

Describe Oxyuris equi…

A
  • Horse is host
  • Males 12mm
  • Females 10cm
  • Large oesophageal bulb
  • Long tail
  • Females partly emerge from anus and plaster sticky eggs around perianal region
  • L2 in egg is infective stage
  • Ingestion
  • Develop directly in intestine
  • No migration
  • Causes tail rubbing due to irritation
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7
Q

Describe Strongyloides papillosus…

A
  • Metastrongyloid of Strongylida
  • Infects sheep and goats in NZ
  • Percutaneous route of infection
  • Larvae migrate in via blood stream to lungs then to the small intestine where they mature
  • eggs resemble stongylid eggs but are smaller ans contain L1
  • When dropped in faeces they develop into free-living or L3’s which is capable of entering host
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8
Q

Describe the male nematode reproductive tract…

A
  • One testis
  • Leads via the vas deferens to the anus and opens at the cloaca
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9
Q

Describe the Lifecycle of cyanthostomes (Superfamily Strongyloidea)…

A
  • Direct
  • Infective stage is L3
  • Infection by oral route
  • After entering the DH, cyanthostome larvae exsheath in the small intestine
  • No migration
  • Ultimately mature in the Large Intestine
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9
Q

Dog whipworm…

A

Trichuris vulpis

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10
Q

How do hookworms typically enter their host and what do they migrate via to get to?

A

Percutaneous route

Via heart and lungs

To get to the small intestine where they mature and feed on blood

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11
Q

Further development of metastronglyloids requires what as an intermediate host?

A

Earthworm

  • The DH ingests this and in then infected by L3 in the Earthworm
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12
Q

How do you diagnose infection with D. immitis?

A

Examine the blood for microfilariae

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13
Q

How is the flow of eggs controlled in a female nematode?

A

By a muscular sphincter called the ovijector

  • These two sphincters together constitute the ovijector apparatus
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13
Q

If a nematode doesn’t migrate, where does it usually inhabit in the host?

A

The GIT

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14
Q

How is the rate of strongylid larval development related to temperature?

A

Exponentially

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15
Q

Infection of trichuris is gained by?

A

Oral route

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16
Q

Infection wiht the nematode causing Trichinosis is most commonly gained by what?

A

Ingestion of infective larvae in the muscle fibres

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17
Q

Large patent infections of A.suum can be readily produced in pigs up to what age?

A

1-2 weeks

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17
Q

Lifecycle of A. caninum…

A
  1. [L3] exsheaths on skin
  2. migrates in blood to the lungs
  3. moult to L4
  4. pharynx
  5. Small Intestine
  6. Final Moult
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18
Q

Lifecycle of M. capillaris...

A
  1. Eggs hatch in lungs
  2. L1 in faeces
  3. ingested by mollusc
  4. develops into L3
  5. Infected mollusc is eaten by sheep
  6. Lymphatic-pulmonary migration to lungs to mature
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19
Q

Lifecycle of T. spiralis…

A
  • After copulation females burrow into intestinal mucosa and give birth to L1
  • Most of these enter lymph vessels in villi and are distributed in blood around the body
  • The L1 that reach muscle fibres enter using buccal lancet and develop and grow to 1mm
  • Cyst begins to form with host laying down fibrous tissue (completely formed after 3 months)
  • When ingested, the larvae are released in SI by digestion of the cyst wall
  • Sexually mature in 3-4 days
  • Males die after sex but females live for 5-6 weeks
  • each female can produce 10000 larvae in this time
  • Pig meat is the main source of infection to people as a result of this
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20
Q

Lifecycle of T. circumcincta…

A
  1. [L3] ingested off pasture
  2. exsheath in rumen
  3. Move to abomasum
  4. penetrate in gland crypts
  5. moult to L4
  6. Moult to adult
  7. Emerge and lie on mucus layer
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21
Q

Lifecylce of cyathostomin nematodes in horses…

A
  1. L3 penetrate into mucosa
  2. [L3] can become inhibited for long periods
  3. moult to L4
  4. emerge back in lumen and attach with buccal capsule to mucosa
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22
Q

One word description of :

  1. Larvae migrating in the liver
  2. Larvae migrating in the Pancreas
  3. Larvae developing in subperitoneal nodules
  4. Larvae attaching to and developing in the cranial mesenteric artery
A
  1. Hepatitis
  2. Pancreatitis
  3. Peritonitis
  4. Endarteritis
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23
Q

ORDER: ENOPLIDA

SUPERFAMILY: Trichinelloidea

FAMILY: Trichinellidae

GENUS: Trichinella

T. spiralis

A
  • Infects virtually all mammals
  • Infective stages found in muscle of DH
  • Infection is by ingestion (carnivorous)
  • Adults live in SI but dont live long after completing development
  • Mature adults are 1.5-4mm
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25
Q

ORDER ASCARIDIDA

A
  • Large
  • Stout
  • Simple mouth
  • Surrounded by three lips
  • Club-shaped oesophagus
  • Males don’t have copulatory Bursas
  • Males do have caudal papillae
  • prolific egg layers
  • Spherical or oval eggs
  • Spherical/oval, Thick-shelled eggs that contain a single celled zygote
  • Development of L3 occurs in the egg
  • L3 in egg is infectious by oral route
  • Larval stages usually migrate via hepatic-tracheal route
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26
Q

ORDER: OXYURIDA

SUPERFAMILY: Oxyuroidea

A
  • Parasites of colon and rectum in mammals
  • Direct lifecycles
  • Larger females
  • Eggs flattened on one side with an operculum
  • Anterior vulva
  • Males have one spicule and caudal alae
  • Oesophageal bulb
  • Long tail
  • Feed on gut contents
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27
Q

ORDER STRONGYLIDA

  1. How many spicules do males have?
  2. Do males have a copulatory bursa?
  3. Do females have an ovijector apparatus?
  4. The infective stage is?
  5. Eggs are…
  6. Infective is by which routes?
A
  1. Two
  2. Yes
  3. Yes it is obvious
  4. [L3]
  5. Simple, Thin-shelled, Non-operculate, Smooth, Oval, 80x 80 microm
  6. Oral and percutaneous
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28
Q

ORDER STRONGYLIDA

SUPERFAMILY TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA

A
  • Males have a copulatory bursa
  • Males have two short and stout spicules
  • Females have an ovijector apparatus
  • Small and undecorated buccal capsule
  • Direct lifecycle
  • Most
  • Infection is always by ingestion
  • Almost all are non-migratory in the host
  • Infective stage is free-living L3
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28
Q

ORDER: ENOPLIDA

SUPERFAMILY: Trichinelloidea

FAMILY: Trichuridae

GENUS: Trichuris

A
  • “whipworms”
  • Narrow anterior end
  • Thick-walled, Lemon-shaped eggs, with operculum at each end and single celled zygote
  • Males have single spicule
  • Direct lifecycles
  • Eggs are highly resistant
  • L1 in egg is infective stage
  • Eggs hatch in intestine
  • Worms mature in caecum without migration
  • Adults burrow anterior end into mucosa
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29
Q

ORDER: RHABDITIDA

SUPERFAMILY: Rhabditoidea

FAMILY: Strongyloides

A
  • Slender
  • Less than 9mm
  • Long oesophagus
  • Bluntly rounded tail
  • no ovijector apparatus
  • Small thin-shelled eggs that contain L1 when in faeces
  • uterus and intestine are intertwined
  • Parasitic nematodes are all females
  • Diploid and fertile eggs are produced by mitosis
  • Eggs can develop into free-living L3’s that are infective to host or into free-living cycle involving both males and females.
  • Free-living adults are v different to parastitic females and this cycle typically gives rise to larvae which are infective
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30
Q

ORDER: SPIRURIDA

A
  • Indirect lifecycle via arthropod or crustacean IH’s
  • L3 infective
  • No bursa in male
  • Caudal alae are usually present
  • In both sexes there are 2, 4 or 6 lips around the mouth
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30
Q

ORDER: SPIRURIDA

SUPERFAMILY: Filarioidea

FAMILY: Onchocercidae

Dirofilaria immitis

A
  • Heartworm
  • Found in pulmonary artery and RV of dog
  • Common in warm countries
  • up to 30cm long
  • L1= microfilaria
  • Females are larviparous
  • L1 develops into infective L3 in IH (takes 2-3 weeks)
  • L3 is usually injected in DH when IH feeds
  • Initially develop in dog CT
  • PPP 6-7 months
  • Long, slender adults with reduced buccal capsules
  • Males don’t have bursae
31
Q

Sensor organs of nematodes are seen as…?

A

Sensory papillae

  • Anterior: chemoreception and feeding
  • Posterior: Reproduction
33
Q

The adults of T. spiralis are found where?

A

In the small intestine of the final host

34
Q

The generic name of a whipworm is…

A

Trichuris

35
Q

The nematode causing Trichinosis is called…

A

Trichinella spiralis

36
Q

Trichuris are found in which organ?

A

Caecum

37
Q

Typical Strongylid Lifecycle…

A
  1. L1 hatches from egg and feeds on bacteria to grow
  2. It enters lethargus
  3. It then moults to L2
  4. The infective stage is L3 which is still enclosed in L2 cuticle and is referred to as ensheathed [L3]
  5. After entry into the host by ingestion, exsheathment occurs
  6. Migratory strongylids start migrating after exsheathment and moult in organs they migrate through
  7. Most inhibit at L4 stage (allows them to survive harsh conditions)
38
Q

What are alae?

A

Lateral longitudinal flap-like extensions of the body wall.

39
Q

What are characteristics of the buccal capsule of superfamily strongyloidea?

A
  • Presence of leaf crowns
  • Globular shape
40
Q

What are the lateral longitudinal flap-like extensions of the nematode body wall?

A

Alae

  • Cephalic alae anteriorly
  • Caudal alae posteriorly
41
Q

What are spicules? Which sex are they present in?

A

Chitinous rod like structure present in male nematodes

42
Q

What are the buccal capsule characteristics of cyanthostomes (superfamily Strongyloidea)?

A
  • Rectangular shape
  • Leaf crowns
  • No teeth
43
Q

What conditions are essential for growth from larval to infective stages in strongylids?

A
  • Moisture
  • Temperature 10°C- 30°C
  • Oxygen
44
Q

Typical Strongylid Lifecycle…

A
  1. L1 hatches from egg and feeds on bacteria to grow
  2. It enters lethargus
  3. It then moults to L2
  4. The infective stage is L3 which is still enclosed in L2 cuticle and is referred to as ensheathed [L3]
  5. After entry into the host by ingestion, exsheathment occurs
  6. Migratory strongylids start migrating after exsheathment and moult in organs they migrate through
  7. Most inhibit at L4 stage (allows them to survive harsh conditions)
45
Q

What do nematodes with large buccal capsules usually feed on?

A

Tissue

  • They draw a plug of intestinal mucosa into the buccal capsule
  • This is digested by enzymes secreted in the pharynx
  • Digested material is pumped down oesophagus into the intestine
46
Q

What does metastrongyloid migration occur via in the DH?

A

Lymphatic-pulmonary

48
Q

What does nematode locomotion depend on?

A

Resistance to sinusoidal movement by the viscosity or surface tension of the fluid medium

49
Q

What does the pressure of pseudocoelomic fluid do to the nematode?

A

Creates a hydroskeleton which maintains nematode body shape and opposed the action of the longitudinal muscles

50
Q

What does the pressure of the pseudocoelomic fluid cause?q

A

Rigidity to the animal - maintains shape of the animal

51
Q

What four groups of organisms come under exploitation of symbiosis?

A
  • Predator - Parasitoid - Micropredator - Parasite
51
Q

What host reaction to some strongyloids species may be associated with larval stages and cause severe pathological effects?

A

Nodule formation in the mucosa and submucosa

52
Q

What is a parasitoid?

A

An organism that spends a significant part of its life cycle closely associated with a host which it kills in the process

54
Q

What is an intermediate host?

A

A host that is essential to the parasites life cycle where it undergoes development to juvenille stages

55
Q

What is it about hosts that is attractive to parasites?

A
  • Aqueous environment amidst dry landscapes - Warmth - Constant supply of food - Locomotion
57
Q

What is the body cavity of a nematode called and what is it filled with?

A

Pseudocoelom filled with Pseudocoelomic fluid

58
Q

What is the body of a nematode called? What is it filled with?

A
  • Pseudocoelom
  • Pseudocoel fluid
58
Q

What is the copulatory bursa and what does it do?

A

Further developed caudal alae into lateral and dorsal lobes

lobes are membranous and supported by bursal rays (derived from sensory papillae)

Wraps around the female to assist attachment of the male

59
Q

What is the definition of a parasite?

A

Organism who’s environment during all/part of its lifecycle is provided by another organism of a different species and obtains part/all nutritional requirements from its host

60
Q

What is the definitive host?

A

The host in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity or sexual reproduction

62
Q

What is the expected host response to strongylid plug feeding?

A

Inflammatory response to the damage to loss of blood and tissue fluids

  • Anaemia and Hypoproteinaemia may result
63
Q

What is the infective stage of A. suum?

A

L2 in the egg

64
Q

What is the infective stage of trichuris?

A

L1 in the egg

65
Q

What is the infective stage?

A

The stage in the lifecycle which is capable of initiating infection in the host

66
Q

What is the migratory route of A. suum?

A

Hepatic-tracheal route

68
Q

What is the minimum and optimum temperatures for larval development?

A

Minimum: 5-10°C

Optimum: 25-27°C

69
Q

What is the outside of a nematode body cavity bound by and what does it comprise?

A

Cuticle - comprises several fibrous and non-non fibrous layers

70
Q

What is the principle effect of hookworm infections?

A

To cause anaemia

71
Q

What is the wave-like contraction of nematode muscle movement called?

A

Sinusoidal

73
Q

What is this nematode?

A
73
Q

What is this? And what does it do?

A
  • Nematode cuticle
  • Bounds the outside of the body
75
Q

What might the annular swellings of the body wall around the anterior end of nematode be?

A

Cephalic or cervical dilations

76
Q

What on earth is a paratenic host?

A

Optional to the parasites life cycle where juvenile stages exist but dont develop

77
Q

Where are mature ascarids found in the DH body?

A

Small Intestine

78
Q

Where are non-migratory larvae found before their last moult?

A

The glands of the gut mucosa

79
Q

Where can Teledorsagia circumcincta be found?

A

The abomasum of ruminants

80
Q

Where does an ectoparasite live on its host?

A

On the integument of the host

81
Q

Where does an endoparasite live on its host?

A

in the organs or tissues of the host

82
Q

Which nematode stage is usually the infective stage to intermediate hosts?

A

L1

83
Q

Which route do non-migratory nematodes infect their host by?

A

Oral Route

84
Q

Why is there periodic fluctuations in number of microfilariae larvae circulating the blood of infected hosts?

A

The peak coincides with periods of peak feeding activity of intermediate hosts

85
Q

Describe the Order Digenea?

A
  • All species parasitic to bird and mammals
  • Indirect
  • Involve one or more IH
  • Most inhabit gut ot associated organs of DH

Infectious Diseases (3 decks)

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