parenteral drug administration

Question 1

what does ‘parenteral route’ mean?

Answer 1

drug is administered by a route OTHER than the gastro-intestinal tract

Question 2

Enteral known as

Answer 2

gut

Question 3

what does ‘intrathecal route’ mean?

Answer 3

into the CNS (into cerebral spinal fluid)

Question 4

what is an intravenous injection?

Answer 4

injection of a medication or another substance into a vein and directly into the bloodstream

Question 5

2 example of IV injection

Answer 5

antibiotics, analgesics

Question 6

what is an intramuscular injection? IM

Answer 6

technique used to deliver a medication deep into the muscles

Question 7

Examples of IM injections?

Answer 7

Hepatitis A and B vaccines, BCG vaccine

Question 8

Skin anatomy layers: order from top to bottom (4)

Answer 8

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, muscle

Question 9

IM injection given at ?

Answer 9

90 degrees to the skin

Question 10

Subcutaneous injection

Answer 10

injection given into the subcutaneous fat under the skin

Question 11

2 examples of subcutaneous injection

Answer 11

insulin, heparin

Question 12

what is an intradermal injection?

Answer 12

injection administered into the dermis (just below the epidermis)

Question 13

2 examples of intradermal injection?

Answer 13

lidocaine (local anaesthetic), allergy testing

Question 14

Advantages of IV

Answer 14

very fast
predictable absorption
Can give drug as infusion = achieve steady state with narrow therapeutic window

Question 15

disdvantages of IV

Answer 15

high conc. peak so high risk of side effects
challenging to insert line/ canula

Question 16

Advantages of subcutaneous

Answer 16

predictable absorption
fast onset

Question 17

disadvantages of subcutaneous

Answer 17

small volumes only as there is a limited space in the subcutaneous tissue
pain / injection site reactions
absorption reduced in shock

Question 18

Advantages of intramuscular

Answer 18

fast onset

Question 19

disadvantages of intramuscular

Answer 19

small volume only
painful
absorption reduced in shock

Question 20

Advantages of intradermal

Answer 20

evokes an antigen response

Question 21

Disadvantage of intradermal

Answer 21

small volumes only
no significant absorption

Question 21

Disadvantage of intradermal

Answer 21

small volumes only
no significant absorption

Question 22

transdermal administration

Answer 22

through the skin

Question 23

why can transdermal application be both parenteral and topical?

Answer 23

bypasses GI system and can be applied to body surface

Question 24

why must drug be lipid soluble is administered transdermally?

Answer 24

epidermis is resistant to water

Question 25

example of transdermal administration

Answer 25

nicotine and pain patches

Question 26

Advantages of transdermal administration

Answer 26

convenient and acceptable

Question 27

disadvantages of transdermal administration

Answer 27

can cause local skin reactions

Question 28

case: 24 year old experiencing anaphylaxis reaction to nuts. What drug and route of administration? explain

Answer 28

Adrenaline, IM injection because rapid and no time to insert canular

Question 29

case: 65 year old in ER with pneumonia, high temperature and low blood pressure. What drug and route of administration? explain

Answer 29

antibiotics, IV injection because quick and available (shes in the ER)

Question 30

case: 22 year old man with type 1 diabetes. What drug and route of administration? explain

Answer 30

insulin, subcutaneous injection because precise absorption and sustained release

Question 31

Drug factors influencing absorption

Answer 31

lipid and water solubility
molecular size and charge
concentration
drug formulation

Question 32

patient factors influencing absorption

Answer 32

Area/ volume of absorption
pH
health status
other substances
vascularity

Question 33

What is vascularity?

Answer 33

blood flow to an area

Question 34

bolus define:

Answer 34

single large dose of a drug given over a short period of time