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Psyc 333 Midterm 1 > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormal Psychology defn

A

domain/branch of psychology that focuses on the scientific study of mental disorders

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2
Q

Psychopathology defn

A

interdisciplinary field focusing on the scientific study of mental disorders

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3
Q

What is a mental disorder?

A

characterized by significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotional regulation or behaviour that reflects in dysfunction and distress in social relationships, in their occupation, or in daily life.

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4
Q

The Current DSM System (DSM V)

A
  1. developed by the APA
  2. Provides diagnostic criteria for various mental disorders
  3. most widely used in North America
  4. has strengths and weaknesses
    -(process-related criticisms include lack of transparency and ties with the pharma industry)
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5
Q

ICD-11 vs. DSM 5

A

International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) includes both physical and mental conditions, introduced by WHO, free, more descriptive, flexible and guidance

DSM is more operational criteria and perscriptive

Similarities in mental disorder diagnosis

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6
Q

Criticisms of DSM

A
  • here today, gone tomorrow (mental disorders appear and disappear from diagnostic systems)
  • Names of mental disorders keep changing
  • Diagnostic criteria keep changing
  • Conditions are listed that may be mental
    disorders although we’re not sure
    *time insufficiency for evaluation and financial gain for the misuse overdiagnosing
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7
Q

What causes mental disorders (Interactionist Perspective)

A

Diathesis- stress model:

  • Diathesis (predisposition or vulnerability to develop the disorder)

+

  • Stress (environmental stressors- trauma, abuse, conflicts, significant life changes)

=

Development of the psychological disorder (the stronger the diathesis, the less stress is necessary to produce the disorder)

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8
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

A

Venn diagram of Psychological, Biological and Social

In-between all three is “Health Illness”

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9
Q

Psychological Assessment

A
  • full history
  • symptom description (antecedence/ before and consequence/ after, includes functional analysis
  • cognitions. behaviours affect
  • comorbidities (another psychological problem coinciding)
  • social functions (support or isolation)
  • past treatments
  • psychological concerns
    -interpersonal interactions
  • ## expectation from treatment
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10
Q

Cognitive behaviour therapy

A

how thoughts influences behaviours.

thoughts affect the way we feel.

looking for evidence if the (neg) thought is true.
examining thoughts and finding evidence that shapes reality

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11
Q

CBT Recognizes the Interconnection Cycle
among Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviours

A

Thoughts ((“I cannot enjoy anything”),

Feelings/Physiological Change (Sadness),

Behaviours ((Withdrawal/Interpersonal
interactions)

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12
Q

CBT Session Outline

A
  • Agenda
  • Review of previous week
  • Discussion of homework
  • Use of various CBT procedures (e.g., exposure therapy, cognitive restructuring, psychoeducational)
  • Plans for the next week (e.g., new homework)
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13
Q

Key Techniques for Treatment

A
  • Cognitive
    ( Cognitive restructuring, Problem-solving)
  • Behavioural
    (Relaxation, Pacing, Behavioural activation, Exposure, Assertiveness training, Roleplay/modelling)
  • Supportive
    (Psychoeducation, Supportive therapy)
  • Other
    (Biofeedback, Relapse prevention, Hypnosis)
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14
Q

Behavioural Activation technique

A

giving them a sense of mastery

observing and noticing how they feel about the task and goal. then the therapist can help create more of what makes the clients happy and less of what makes them feel bad

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15
Q

Pacing technique

A

breaking down the issue into smaller chunks making it more manageable and achievable

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16
Q

Cognitive Restructuring

A
  • Identification of automatic thoughts
  • Examination of validity of automatic thoughts (collaborative empiricism)
  • Socratic dialogue
  • Behavioural experiments
  • Three and five column techniques
  • Coping self-statements
  • Identification and challenge of core beliefs
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17
Q

5 column technique

A

Situation, Emotion, Automatic Thoughts, Rational Response, Outcomes

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18
Q

Other CBT Techniques

A
  • Pleasant activity scheduling and behavioural activation
  • Problem-solving
  • Assertiveness training
  • Relapse prevention
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19
Q

Cognitive Schemas:
Core beliefs:

A

(a) seeing the world through certain filters

(b) beliefs that shape our world

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20
Q

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

A

letting the thoughts be and accepting them instead of changing them

  • Psychological Flexibility (living in the present moment and adapting your mind to the situation)
  • Experiential Avoidance
    (attempt to control or alter the frequency of internal experiences.
    acceptance and feeling the emotion, less likely to become depressed than fighting the sadness)
  • Cognitive Fusion
    (one with thought, a form of regulation
    tendency to go over and over a single thought)
  • Values
  • Committed Action
    (being determined to live a life consisting of goals and values, and working towards them)
  • Mindfulness (focusing on the present moment)

coined by Steven hayes

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21
Q

Quicksand metaphor (ACT)

A

the more we fight, the more we sink

we fight more battles trying to stop fear or worry, instead of simply letting it be

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22
Q

Passenger metaphor

A

thoughts are like passengers on a bus, some are quiet and some are rowdy.

if you listen to them all, you would never get anywhere. Its not about listening or ignoring them, its about acknowledging and accepting them but knowing that you are still the bus driver.

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23
Q

DSM 5 Placed Anxiety Disorders into 3
Categories

A
  • Anxiety Disorders
  • Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
  • Trauma- Stressor-Related Disorders
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24
Q

DSM 5 Anxiety Disorders

A
  • Separation Anxiety Disorder
  • Selective Mutism
  • Specific Phobia
  • Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
  • Panic Disorder
  • Agoraphobia
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder
  • Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder
  • Anxiety Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
  • Other Specified Anxiety Disorder
  • Unspecified Anxiety Disorder
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25
Q

DSM 5 Obsessive Compulsive and Related
Disorders

A
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
  • Body Dysmorphic Disorder
  • Hoarding Disorder
  • Trichotillomania (hair pulling)
  • Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder
  • Substance/Medication-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive
    and Related Disorder
  • Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder Due to
    Another Medical Condition
  • Other Specified or Unspecified Obsessive-Compulsive
    and Related Disorder |
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26
Q

Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders

A
  • Reactive Attachment Disorder (being and feeling withdrawn when upset)
  • Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (kids seeking out adults in response to parental neglect)
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
  • Acute Stress Disorder
  • Adjustment Disorders
  • Other Specified Trauma- and Stressor-Related
    Disorder
  • Unspecified Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorder
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27
Q

PANDAS

A

Pediatric Autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infections

OCD suddenly appears following a strep infection

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28
Q

Anxiety Disorders and the Concept of Fear

A
  • In DSM IV-TR
  • Panic Disorder [DSM 5: Anxiety Disorder (AD)]
  • Agoraphobia (without Panic Disorder) [DSM 5: AD]
  • Specific Phobia [DSM 5: AD]
  • Social Phobia [DSM 5: Social Anxiety Disorder (still an AD)]
  • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder [DSM 5 Category: OC and Related Disorders]
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [DSM 5 Category: Trauma and Stressor- Related Disorders]
  • Acute Stress Disorder [DSM 5 Category: Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders]
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder [DSM 5: AD]
  • Anxiety Disorder due to (e.g., substance/medical condition) [DSM 5 AD: Substance/Medication Induced Anxiety Disorder]
  • Anxiety Disorder NOS [DSM 5: AD Other Specified Anxiety Disorder and
    Unspecified Anxiety Disorder]
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29
Q
  • S.J. Rachman defines fear as:

( 3 components of fear)

A

subjective existence of apprehension (1)

associated with psychophysiological changes (2)

and attempts to avoid fearful situations (3)

the three components of fear do not overlap

30
Q

Problems with the Traditional Conditioning
Theory of Fear Acquisition

A
  • observer of a trauma can also develop phobia without being directly affected
  • any stimulus would become a fear stimuli
  • not all stimuli have an equal probability of becoming a fear stimuli
  • vicarious learning (learning by seeing)
  • familial transmission (genetic or passing down of phobias)
  • informational transmission (avoidance reinforces anxiety)
  • misinterpretation of information
    (panic attacks- palpitations turn into anxiety)
  • blocking effect ( bell + light + shock)
31
Q

How Can Fear Be Learned?

A
  1. Associations of serious negative events with specific situations
  2. Observations
  3. Information
  4. Certain types of misinformation
32
Q

Martin Seligman on phobias

A
  • “The great majority of phobias are about objects of natural importance to the survival of the species. Learned through evolution.

The theory does not deny that other phobias are possible, it only claims that they should be less frequent since they are less prepared.”

  • Seligman also wrote that certain kinds of fears are readily acquired because of an inherited biological preparedness.
33
Q

Prepared fears are:

A

Selective

Resistant to extinction

Less cognitive (no explanation)

34
Q

Neoconditioning Accounts

A
  • Takes into account one’s history.
  • The organism is not a passive recipient of the conditioning process
    (e.g., the blocking effect)
  • .Information is key
35
Q

Biological acquired fear acquisition

A

one ape w fear brought into the lab,
all the apes developed fear.

36
Q

Cognitive Vulnerability Model of the etiology of fear
and the process of fear elicitation (Armfield, 2006)

A

As an alternative to the preparedness theory,

suggests that the differential distribution of fears across potential stimuli is a result of specific differences in particular stimulus characteristics.

*Perceived unpredictability of the stimulus
*Perceived uncontrollability
*Perceived potential to cause a negative outcome
(harm or revulsion)

37
Q

Mechanisms of Fear Reduction

A
  • Counterconditioning ( associating stimulus that incites/ pleasure rather than pain)
  • Extinction (condition stimulus without the fear reaction)
  • Habituation (learning to cope, and stop responding to a continuous stimulus)
  • Consider Cognitive Factors (accept rather than eliminate fear)
    (e.g., “fear tolerance” — see Craske et al. 2008)
38
Q

Hierarchy of Fear

A
  1. gets scarier as the hierarchy progresses
  2. treating phobias
  3. imaginal therapy (reliving or revisiting a detailed account of a traumatic event)
39
Q

Rachman’s View on Fear Reduction:

A

The best explanation for fear reduction would involve several components.

The physiological component of fear may be most susceptible to habituation and the behavioural component most susceptible to extinction.

The subjective component of fear appears to be susceptible to both processes

40
Q

Discussion of Specific Disorders

A

(formerly listed as Anxiety Disorders in DSM-IV)

  • Phobias
  • Social Anxiety Disorder
  • Panic Disorder
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Acute Stress Disorder
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
41
Q

The case of little hans

A

fear was because of oedipal complex
freud only saw hans once

no symptom substitution

no known connection between phobias and sexual adjustments

42
Q

Main Characteristics of Specific Phobia

A
  • Marked and persistent fear of a specific object or situation (driving, flying, spiders, receiving injections)
  • The fear is excessive or unreasonable
  • The person recognizes that the fear is excessive or unreasonable
  • The condition interferes significantly with the person’s normal routine, occupational functioning, or social functioning or there is marked distress about having the phobia
43
Q

Specific Phobia: Primary treatment approach

A

Exposure therapy (usually graduated
and in-vivo; effect sizes are large

44
Q

Behavioural Avoidance Test (BAT)

A

how far the patient can go near their phobia

phobias can come back if the exposure is gone

45
Q

Main Characteristics of Social Anxiety Disorder

A
  • This condition shares common characteristics with Specific Phobias but the marked and persistent fear occurs in social or performance situations. The person feels that he or she may act in ways that are embarrassing
  • Responsive to a combination of cognitive restructuring and exposure therapy
46
Q

Blood Injury Phobia

A

Drops in blood pressure (can lead to fainting through vagus nerve activity)

Applied muscle tension (in addition to regular strategies)

47
Q

Main Characteristics of Panic Disorder

A

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks
* At least one attack is followed by 1 month (or more) of one (or more) of the following:
* Persistent concern about additional attacks
* Worry about implications or consequences of attacks
* Significant change in behaviour related to the attacks
* Presence of absence of agoraphobia

48
Q

Panic Disorder

A
  • Early findings led to a new theory:
  • A large number of studies have shown that several biochemical and
    physiological manipulations frequently induce panic attacks in patients who
    suffer from panic disorder but rarely in individuals who do not have panic
    disorder (e.g., voluntary hyperventilation, caffeine injections)
  • Clark and Homsley (1982): Normals were asked to hyperventilate for two
    minutes. Although many participants became somewhat anxious,
    considerable variations in response to hyperventilation were found (some
    participants even reported that it was somewhat pleasant)
49
Q

Panic Disorder
(key treatment components)

A
  • Psycho-education
  • Self-monitoring
  • Cognitive restructuring
  • Breathing retraining (?-capnometry biofeedback)
  • Relaxation training (?)
  • Interoceptive exposure (purposely expose/ produce bodily sensation )
  • In-vivo exposure ( taking patients to places they avoid, challenging beliefs)
  • Overall efficacy: CBT tends to achieve high panic-free rates
50
Q

Biological Views of Panic Disorder

A

Noradrenergic activity theory
Overactive noradrenergic system:
The role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in Panic:
* GABA generally inhibit noradrenergic activity.
* Positron emission tomography (PET) study found fewer GABA-receptor binding
sites in people with Panic Disorder.
* Therapeutic improvement involves changes in GABA receptors, but this applies
to both anxiety and depression (Mohler, 2012)

51
Q

Some of the Main Characteristics of
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

A
  • The person experienced, witnessed or confronted an event (or
    events) that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury,
    or a threat to the physical integrity of self and others. The person
    responded with extreme fear, helplessness or horror.
  • The person avoids situations, places or objects associated with the
    trauma
  • The trauma is re-experienced through intrusive thoughts,
    nightmares, etc.
  • The person shows symptoms of extreme arousal (e.g., difficulty
    falling asleep, difficulty concentrating)
52
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder treatment

A
  • Exposure therapy
  • Cognitive therapy
  • Eye movement desensitisation
  • Some thoughts about EMDR
    (distraction while recounting traumatic events)
53
Q

Some of the Main Characteristics of ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder

A
  • The condition is characterized by recurrent obsessions and compulsions
  • Obsessions are persistent ideas, thoughts or images that are intrusive
    and inappropriate and cause marked anxiety or distress. Example:
    Excessive fear of contamination
  • Compulsions are repetitive behaviours (e.g., handwashing and checking)
    or mental acts (e.g., repeating words silently) the goal of which is to
    reduce distress and anxiety
  • The obsessions and compulsions are very time consuming, cause marked
    distress or significantly interfere with a person’s functioning
54
Q

Serotonin and OCD

A

Response to SSRIS suggests that OCD may be
related to reduced serotonin (but 40-60% of those
treated with SSRIs do not improve much)

55
Q

Outcomes for OCD

A
  • EX/RP treatment of choice
  • Cognitive therapies: Findings are mixed.
  • Serotonergic medications (relapse can occur following
    discontinuation but does not always occur) are effective but data concerning additive effects (EX/RP plus medication) are inconsistent
56
Q

Main Characteristics of Generalized
Anxiety Disorder

A
  • The main characteristics of this condition are excessive anxiety
    and worry about a number of events and activities (e.g., work,
    finances)
  • The person finds it difficult to control the worry
  • The anxiety and worry is accompanied by symptoms such as
    muscle tension, difficulty sleeping, irritability etc.
  • The anxiety and worry causes significant interference with
    everyday functioning or subjective distress
57
Q

Transdiagnostic Protocols

A
  • Motivation and engagement
  • Psychoeducation
  • Emotional awareness training/acceptance
    (e.g., present moment, thoughts, physiological responses, mindfulness training)
  • Cognitive/appraisal restructuring
  • Emotional avoidance/emotional behaviour (e.g., seeking re-assurance, cognitive avoidance)
  • Tolerance of bodily sensations (addressing anxiety sensitivity)
  • Exposure including interoceptive
  • Relapse prevention
58
Q

Types of Mood Disorders

A
  • Two major categories in DSM 5 (previously
    grouped together in DSM-IV)
  • Depressive Disorders
  • Bipolar and Related Disorders
59
Q

Depressive Disorders

A
  • Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
  • Major depressive disorder
  • Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia in DSM-IV)
  • Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
  • Substance/medication induced depressive disorder
  • Other specified depressive disorder
  • Unspecified depressive disorder
60
Q

Bipolar and Related Disorders

A
  • Bipolar I
  • Bipolar II
  • Cyclothymic disorder
  • Substance/medication induced bipolar disorder
  • Bipolar and related disorder due to a medical
    condition
  • Other specified bipolar disorder
  • Unspecified bipolar disorder
61
Q

Manic vs. Hypomanic Episodes

A

The main differentiation is that the hypomanic is not as severe and the individual does not experience marked impairment and inability to function

At least one week (Manic) 4 days (Hypomanic)

62
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A
  • Severe mood disorder characterized by the occurrence of major depressive episodes in the absence of a history of manic episodes.
  • Major depressive disorder is characterized by a range of features such as:
  • Depressed mood
  • Lack of interest or pleasure in usual activities
  • Lack of energy or motivation
  • Changes in appetite or sleep patterns
  • Irritability
  • Fatigue
  • Sleep Problems
  • Low self-esteem
  • Reduced interest in sex
  • Suicidal thoughts
63
Q

biggest predictor for suicidal thoughts:

A

*hopelessness

Beck’s depression scale
Beck’s suicide scale
beck’s hopelessness scale

64
Q

Risk Factors for Depression

A
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Neuroticism (negative affectivity)
  • Stress (losses)
  • Chronic pain/chronic illness
  • Age (18-29 x 3 compared to 60+)
  • Women are nearly twice as likely as men to develop major depression
  • Genetics
  • MZ twins 30%-46% concordance
  • DZ twins 20% concordance
65
Q

Biological Views

A
  • Serotonin has been implicated in the causation of Major Depression (either low serotonin or serotonin-receptor dysfunction). High levels of cortisol have also been implicated
  • Bipolar disorder has also been linked to low serotonin or low norepinephrine in the depressed phase and high norepinephrine during manic episodes
66
Q

Serotonin Theory of Depression Questioned
(Montcrief et al, 2022)`

A
  • No consistent differences in serotonin levels between depressed and non-depressed people.
  • Artificially reducing serotonin in large samples of people did not produce depression.
  • Strong support for the role of stressful events.
  • Much of the benefit of antidepressants may be due to the placebo effect and only 15% of patients show a substantial antidepressant effect beyond
    placebo (Stone, 2022). People currently on antidepressants should not discontinue without medical consultation and supervision
67
Q

Theoretical Perspectives

A
  • Learned helplessness and attributions
  • Internal, stable and global attributes (“i failed at this, I’m a failure”) more likely to develop depression vs. external specific and unstable attributions (“this happened to me,its fine”)
  • Learned helplessness is a natural response. It is ability to control the situation that is learned (Maier & Seligman, 2016)
  • Low levels of response contingent positive reinforcement ( get very little pleasure in their life)
  • The role of cognition
  • Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Theory (Cognitive Behavioural Approach)
  • Cognitive Distortions/Cognitive Triad
  • Automatic Thoughts
  • Cognitive Schemas
  • Core Beliefs

^ role of cognition contributes to deppression, reduce them to reduce deppresion

68
Q

Cognitive Triads

A
  1. neg thoughts about self
  2. neg thoughts about future
  3. neg thoughts about the world
69
Q

Martin Seligman

A
70
Q

Martin Seligman

A

Psyc 333 Midterm 1 (1 decks)

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