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Soc 241 > Part 3 > Flashcards

Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define aggression?

A

Physical or verbal behaviour intended to hurt someone.

Can be social or physical.

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2
Q

Define social aggression?

A

Bullying, harmful gossiping, hurtful exclusion.

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3
Q

Define physical aggression?

A

Hurting someone’s body.

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4
Q

Define Hostel Aggression?

A

Aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself.

E.g. most murders

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5
Q

Define Instrumental aggression?

A

Aggression that is a means to some end. In other words aggression that is used as a tool.

E.g. most wars or acts of terrorism

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6
Q

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

A

People are naturally aggressive and laws are needed to restrain them.

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7
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

A

Society responsibility for acts of evil.

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8
Q

What are the two theories highlighting aggression as a biological phenomenon?

A
  • Instinct Theory

- Evolutionary Psychology/Theory

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9
Q

What is Instinct Theory and who invented it?

A

Aggression is an innate biological drive that is in the same category as the drives that are related to sex or hunger. They are instinctual and automatic. We are born with these drives and must adapt means to control them.

— Sigmund Freud

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10
Q

What is Evolutionary Psychology/Theory?

A

Aggression serves an important function in terms of both individual survival and reproductive potential.

Competition arises when resources are limited and animals must compete in order to survive and reproduce.

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11
Q

List all 5 major biological influences regarding aggression:

A
  1. Instinct Theory and evolutionary psychology
  2. Genetic influences
  3. Endocrinological influences
  4. Neurological imbalances
  5. Other biological influences: alcohol, brain damage, poor diet, biology and behaviour impact.
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12
Q

Expand on genetic influences on aggression.

A

MAO variant(s)

GxE interaction
— which shows there is a strong environmental impact on aggression

Best way to test is twin studies: if 1 is aggressive, the other should be too. Of course the twins could have the same genes but different environments.

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13
Q

What percent of aggresitivity can be traced as genetic?

A

~50%

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14
Q

Give an example of endocrinological influences on aggression.

A

Hormones e.g. Increased testosterone

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15
Q

Give an example of how Neurological imbalance impact aggression.

A

Neurological imbalance refers to chemicals in the brain. E.g. low serotonin

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16
Q

What are other biological influences that impact aggression?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Brain damage e.g. damage to prefrontal love mainly causes an increase in aggression., another ex is Alzheimer’s
  • Poor diet
  • Biology and behaviour interaction
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17
Q

What are the 3 individual personality differences?

A
  1. Temperament differences
  2. Antisocial personality
  3. Cognitive processing differences
18
Q

What is the main idea behind temperament differences?

A

Frustration tolerance.

Volpe (or however you spell it) said kids come with temperament, and can later be influenced by environment.

19
Q

What’s the difference between someone with antisocial behaviour and someone with antisocial personality disorder?

A

Everyone can be antisocial but people with the disorder are “a$$holes”.

20
Q

What is Antisocial personality disorder?

A

Disregard for the rights of others as well as impulsive, irresponsible and aggressive behaviour.

Behaviour opposed to norms/expectations of society. -> causing distress to others.

“You know the rules but you break them anyways” I.e.: parking in handicap, littering.

21
Q

What is Cognitive Information-processing theory?

A

Behaviour is result of complex thought process of 3 steps.

22
Q

What are the 3 steps of cognitive information-processing theory?

A
  1. Encode/interpret situation
  2. Search for best response
  3. Act on decision
23
Q

Give an example of the ‘encode/interpret situation’ step in the cognitive information-processing theory.

A

Guy bumps into you at bar.

You can interpret it disrespect “wtf is your problem”, or dismiss it “all g”.

24
Q

Give an example of the ‘search for best response’ step in the cognitive information-processing theory.

A

Determined by your interpretation.

Guy bumps into you at the bar and your interpretation was disrespect. So now you wanna punch the guy to show you’re dominance.

25
Q

Give an example of the ‘act on decision’ step in the cognitive information-processing theory.

A

Since you were bumped into at the bar.

  • If you interpreted disrespect and want to punch the guy, you now punch the guy.
  • if you interpreted nothing on interest, you respond by doing nothing maybe just clearing some space to let them pass more easily.
26
Q

What are the two ways aggression can be learned as social behaviour?

A
  1. The rewards of aggression
    Eg. Women prefer aggressive men over less aggressive men (even today).
  2. Observational learning
    e.g. Social learning theory
    The theory that we learn social behaviour by observing and imitating and/or by being rewarded and punished.
    E.g. the “bobo” doll experiment
27
Q

In Canada in 2011/12, males made up:

A 
98% accused sexual assaults
91% of weapon offences
89% accused of homicide
81% defendants in adult criminal court
85% admissions to adult correctional services
28
Q

What % of all homicide victims are men?

A

“Men on men”

70%

29
Q

Heimer and De Coster (1999)

A

Violent delinquency is a function of social learning.

Men: aggressive, risk taking, physical strength emphasized

Women: nurturing, sexual virtue, female beauty, “ethic of care”

Families more stringently monitor young girls.

30
Q

List the 4 factors of gender role socialization:

A
  1. Gender within the family
  2. Gender within peer groups
  3. Gender within schools
  4. Gender and the media
31
Q

Give example of gender within the family:

A

Pink world vs blue world

Parental behaviours differ towards boys/girls.

32
Q

Give example of gender within peer groups:

A

Boys favour rule based games with winners and losers

Girls engage in less competitive games e.g. hopscotch, jump rope

33
Q

Give example of gender within schools:

A

Gender within children’s literature.

34
Q

Example of gender and the media:

A

Men centre stage as fearless, skilled and smart in movies.

35
Q

Frustration-aggression theory:

A

Theory that frustration (the blocking of a goal-directed behaviour) triggers a readiness to aggress.

Old theory.

36
Q

Displacement:

A

The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of frustration.

Generally, safer and more socially acceptable target.

Ex. Punching a pillow

37
Q

What change was made to the frustration-aggression theory?

A

Frustration produces anger. A role played by aggressive cues is what makes that transition possible.

38
Q

Bernhardt’s integrated model of aggression

A
  • Where testosterone is high
  • Seeking status/domination
  • Frustration
  • Negative mood
  • Where serotonin is low: increased neg mood state
  • negative moods -> increase likelihood of interpreting situations as aversive
  • increase aggression
39
Q

Zilman: excitation transfer theory

A

Intensity of anger experience is function of the strength of the physiological arousal.

E.g. frustrating experience after riding bike for 2 hours

40
Q

Which 3 aversive incidents lead to aggression?

A

Pain, heat, attacks

41
Q

When is a cue most triggering for aggression?

A

Shortly after the initial encounter.

42
Q

List 4 media effects on thinking:

A
  • desensitization (don’t respond)
  • social scripts (TV taught you bar behaviour not your teacher)
  • altered perceptions (public thinks crime increased)
  • cognitive priming (seeing something on Tv then experiencing similar situations in real life)

Soc 241 (2 decks)

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